Radioactive Ion Beam Optimization

In mathematics (especially category theory), a multicategory is a generalization of the concept of category that allows morphisms of multiple arity. If morphisms in a category are viewed as analogous to functions, then morphisms in a multicategory are analogous to functions of several variables.

Definition

A multicategory consists of

• a collection (often a proper class) of objects;
• for every finite sequence $(X_i{)}_{i\in n}$ of objects (for von Neumann ordinal $n\in \mathbb{N}$) and object Y, a set of morphisms from $(X_i{)}_{i\in n}$ to Y; and
• for every object X, a special identity morphism (with n = 1) from X to X.

Additionally, there are composition operations: Given a sequence of sequences $((X_{ij}{)}_{i\in n_j}{)}_{j\in m}$ of objects, a sequence $(Y_i{)}_{i\in m}$ of objects, and an object Z: if

• for each $j\in m$, f_j is a morphism from $(X_{ij}{)}_{i\in n_j}$ to Y_j; and
• g is a morphism from $(Y_i{)}_{i\in m}$ to Z:

then there is a composite morphism $g(f_i{)}_{i\in m}$ from $(X_{ij}{)}_{i\in n_j,j\in m}$ to Z. This must satisfy certain axioms:

• If m = 1, Z = Y₀, and g is the identity morphism for Y₀, then g(f₀) = f₀;
• if for each $i\in m$, n_i = 1, $X_{0i}=Y_i$, and f_i is the identity morphism for Y_i, then $g(f_i{)}_{i\in m}=g$; and
• an associativity condition: if for each $k\in m$ and $j\in n_k$, $e_{jk}$ is a morphism from $(W_{ijk}{)}_{i\in o_{jk}}$ to $X_{jk}$, then $g{(f_j(e_{ij}{)}_{i\in n_j})}_{j\in m}=g(f_i{)}_{i\in m}(e_{ij}{)}_{i\in n_j,j\in m}$ are identical morphisms from $(W_{ijk}{)}_{i\in o_{jk},j\in n_k,k\in m}$ to Z.

Examples

There is a multicategory whose objects are (small) sets, where a morphism from the sets X₁, X₂, ..., and X_n to the set Y is an n-ary function, that is a function from the Cartesian product X₁ × X₂ × ... × X_n to Y.

There is a multicategory whose objects are vector spaces (over the rational numbers, say), where a morphism from the vector spaces X₁, X₂, ..., and X_n to the vector space Y is a multilinear operator, that is a linear transformation from the tensor product X₁ ⊗ X₂ ⊗ ... ⊗ X_n to Y.

More generally, given any monoidal category C, there is a multicategory whose objects are objects of C, where a morphism from the C-objects X₁, X₂, ..., and X_n to the C-object Y is a C-morphism from the monoidal product of X₁, X₂, ..., and X_n to Y.

An operad is a multicategory with one unique object; except in degenerate cases, such a multicategory does not come from a monoidal category. (The term "operad" is often reserved for symmetric multicategories; terminology varies. [1])

References

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