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Bifluoride (systematically named difluorohydrogenuide and difluoridohydrogenate(1−)), also named hydrogen(difluoride) is an inorganic anion with the chemical formula HFTemplate:Su (also written [HF2]). It contributes no color to bifluoride salts.

Chemical properties

Basicity

The fluorohydrogenate group (-HF) in anions such as bifluoride can assimilate a proton by recombination:

HFTemplate:Su + H+ → H2F2 → 2 HF

Because of this capture of a proton (H+), bifluoride has basic character. Its conjugate acid is the reactive intermediate, μ-fluoro-fluorodihydrogen (H2F2), which subsequently dissociates to become hydrogen fluoride. In solution, most bifluoride ions are dissociated.

HFTemplate:Su + 3 H2O

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The war was fought not just amongst North and South but in between Unionists and Confederates inside the Confederacy (and Missouri).50 By February 1864 President Davis despaired: "Community conferences of treasonable character, in the title of condition sovereignty, are staying held." So stales' legal rights as an ideology was contradictory and could not mobilize the white South for the extended haul. The racial thoughts of the Accomplice states proved even fewer nike air max 97 serviceable to the war effort and hard work. In accordance to Confederate ideology, blacks favored slavery however, to avert revolts and runaways, the Accomplice states handed the "20 nigger regulation," exempting from armed forces conscription a person white guy as overseer for every 20 slaves. 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Accomplice troops experienced to occupy east Tennessee to retain it from emulating West Virginia, nike air max 2003 Winn Parish, Louisiana, refused tosecede from the Union. Winston County, Alabama, declared alone che Republic of Winston. Unionist farmers and woodsmen in Jones County, Mississippi, nike air max women of all ages declared the Totally free Point out of Jones, Every single Confederate point out besides South Carolina supplied a regiment or at the very least a corporation of white troopers to the Union army, as perfectly nike air max 90 infrared as numerous black recruits. Armed guerrilla actions plagued each and every Confederate state. (With the exception of Missouri, and the 1863 New York City draft riots, several Union states were being troubled with such troubles.) It turned unsafe for Confederates to travel in parts of Alabama, Florida, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas. The war was fought not just concerning North and South but between Unionists and Confederates within the Confederacy (and Missouri).fifty By February 1864 President Davis despaired: "Community meetings of treasonable character, in the identify of point out sovereignty, are becoming held." Hence stales' rights as an ideology was contradictory and could not mobilize the white South for the extensive haul. The racial strategies of the Accomplice states proved even much less nike air max ninety seven serviceable to the war exertion. According to Confederate ideology, blacks preferred slavery even so, to avert revolts and runaways, the Confederate states passed the "20 nigger law," exempting from armed service conscription 1 white gentleman as overseer for just about every 20 slaves. All through the war Confederates withheld as substantially as a 3rd of their preventing forces from the front strains and scattered them in the course of parts with huge slave populations to reduce slave uprisings.^one When the United nike air max 90 States allowed African Americans nike air max 2009 to enlist, Confederates were being compelled by their ideology to assert that it would not perform-blacks would rarely struggle like white adult men. The undeniable bravery of the 54th Massachusetts and other black regiments disproved the concept of black inferiority. Then arrived the incongruity of definitely beastly actions by Southern whites toward captured black troopers, these as the nike air max mild infamous Fort Pillow massacre by troops beneath Nathan Bedford Forrest, who crucified black prisoners on tent frames and then burned them alive, all in the title of preserving white civilization.fifty two Contradiction piled upon contradiction. Following the fall of Vicksburg, President Davis proposed to arm slaves to fight for the Confederacy, promising them independence to earn their cooperation. But if servitude was the best issue for the slave, protested supporters of slavery, how could flexibility be a reward? To acquire foreign recognition, other Accomplice leaders proposed to abolish slavery entirely. Some newspaper editors concurred. "Even though slavery is 1 of the prin- 184 ?LIES MY Teacher Advised ME ciples that we started off to battle for," said the Jackson Mississippian, if it mim be jettisoned to obtain our "individual nationality, absent with it!" A month right before Appomattox, the Confederate Congress passed a measure to enroll black troops, exhibiting how the war experienced elevated even slaveowners' estimations of black abilities and also revealing total ideological disarray. What, right after all, would the new black soldiers be combating much? Slavery? Secession? What, for that make a difference, would white Southern troops be combating for, the moment blacks had been also armed? A nike air max 95 s Howell Cobb of Ga claimed, "If slaves will make excellent troopers our full theory of slavery is erroneous."55 In part owing to these contradictions, some Confederate troopers switched sides, beginning as early as 1862. When Sherman made his renowned march to the sea from Atlanta to Savannah, his army really grew in amount, nike air max wright mainly because hundreds of white women nike air max Southerners volunteered along the way. Meanwhile, just about two-thirds of the Accomplice military opposing Sherman disappeared as a result of desertion,54 Eighteen thousand slaves also joined Sherman, so a lot of that the military experienced to turn some absent. Review these information with the portrait typical in our textbooks of Sherman's marauders looting their way via a united South! The increasing ideological confusion in the Confederate states, coupled with the escalating ideological power of the United States, allows explain the Union victory. "Even with all the hardships," Carleton Bargains has noted, "the South up to the very end however experienced terrific resources and manpower." Quite a few nations and persons have continued to battle with far inferior usually means and weapons. Beals thinks that the Confederacy's ideological contradictions ended up its gravest liabilities, in the long run leading to its defeat. He displays how the Accomplice military was disbanding by the spring of 1865 in Texas and other states, even in the absence of Union techniques. On the household front much too, as Jefferson Davis put it, "The zeal of the persons is failing."fifty five 5 textbooks notify how the difficulty of states' rights interfered with the Confederate lead to,five* Only The American Experience offers students a Air Max 2011 clue of any other ideological weak point of the Confederacy or power of the Union. Adventure tells how slavery broke down when Union armies came in close proximity to and that a lot of inadequate whites in the South did not assist the war simply because they felt they would be preventing for slaveowners. Ac/venterf also rates authentic sources on the evolution of Union war aims and asks, "H nike air max females ow would such attitudes affect the perform and end result of the war?" No other textbook mentions concepts or ideologies as a power or weak point of both aspect. The Civil W nike air max 90 infrared ar was about one thing, immediately after all. Textbooks must explain to us what."">





Historically, whatever faction has been out of ability in The united states has pushed for states' legal rights. Slaveowners had been delighted when Supreme Court docket Main Justice Taney made the decision in 1857 that during the country, irrespective of the wishes of condition or territorial governments, blacks experienced no legal rights that whites need to respect. Slaveowners pushed President Buchanan to use federal electric power to legitimize slaveholding in Kansas the up coming calendar year. Only after they missing management of the govt department in the 1860 election did they advocate limiting federal ability.40 As the war ongoing, neither states' legal rights nor white supremacy proved satisfactory to the job of inspiring a new country. As early as December 1862, JOHN BROWN AND A B R A H A M LINCOLN ?183 Pres. Jefferson Davis denounced states' rights as destructive to the Confederacy, The mountainous counties in western Virginia bolted to the Union. Accomplice troops experienced to occupy east Tennessee to keep it from emulating West Virginia, nike air max 2003 Winn Parish, Louisiana, refused tosecede from the Union. Winston County, Alabama, declared by itself che Republic of Winston. Unionist farmers and woodsmen in Jones County, Mississippi, nike air max females declared the Absolutely free Point out of Jones, Each and every Accomplice state other than South Carolina equipped a regiment or at least a organization of white soldiers to the Union military, as nicely nike air max ninety infrared as a lot of black recruits. Armed guerrilla steps plagued each individual Accomplice condition. (With the exception of Missouri, and the 1863 New York City draft riots, couple Union states ended up troubled with these types of difficulties.) It became dangerous for Confederates to travel in elements of Alabama, Florida, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas. The war was fought not just involving North and South but involving Unionists and Confederates in the Confederacy (and Missouri).fifty By February 1864 President Davis despaired: "Public conferences of treasonable character, in the identify of point out sovereignty, are currently being held." Therefore stales' legal rights as an ideology was contradictory and could not mobilize the white South for the prolonged haul. The racial ideas of the Confederate states proved even a lot less nike air max 97 serviceable to the war work. In accordance to Accomplice ideology, blacks preferred slavery however, to avert revolts and runaways, the Accomplice states handed the "20 nigger law," exempting from navy conscription just one white guy as overseer for just about every 20 slaves. In the course of the war Confederates withheld as a great deal as a third of their fighting forces from the front traces and scattered them all over parts with big slave populations to avoid slave uprisings.^one When the United nike air max 90 States permitted African Americans nike air max 2009 to enlist, Confederates ended up pressured by their ideology to assert that it would not perform-blacks would hardly struggle like white guys. The simple bravery of the 54th Massachusetts and other black regiments disproved the concept of black inferiority. Then arrived the incongruity of certainly beastly behavior by Southern whites toward captured black troopers, such as the nike air max gentle notorious Fort Pillow massacre by troops below Nathan Bedford Forrest, who crucified black prisoners on tent frames and then burned them alive, all in the name of preserving white civilization.52 Contradiction piled upon contradiction. Immediately after the fall of Vicksburg, President Davis proposed to arm slaves to fight for the Confederacy, promising them liberty to gain their cooperation. But if servitude was the most effective condition for the slave, protested supporters of slavery, how could liberty be a reward? To get overseas recognition, other Confederate leaders proposed to abolish slavery completely. Some newspaper editors concurred. "Though slavery is a single of the prin- 184 ?LIES MY Trainer Explained to ME ciples that we commenced to struggle for," reported the Jackson Mississippian, if it mim be jettisoned to achieve our "different nationality, away with it!" A month ahead of Appomattox, the Accomplice Congress handed a evaluate to enroll black troops, showing how the war experienced elevated even slaveowners' estimations of black qualities and also revealing total ideological disarray. What, immediately after all, would the new black soldiers be battling much? Slavery? Secession? What, for that issue, would white Southern troops be preventing for, when blacks have been also armed? A nike air max ninety five s Howell Cobb of Georgia mentioned, "If slaves will make very good troopers our whole principle of slavery is wrong."fifty five In aspect owing to these contradictions, some Confederate soldiers switched sides, starting as early as 1862. When Sherman produced his well known march to the sea from Atlanta to Savannah, his army truly grew in amount, nike air max wright since hundreds of white women of all ages nike air max Southerners volunteered together the way. In the meantime, virtually two-thirds of the Confederate army opposing Sherman disappeared by desertion,54 Eighteen thousand slaves also joined Sherman, so several that the military experienced to switch some away. Evaluate these points with the portrait prevalent in our textbooks of Sherman's marauders looting their way via a united South! The rising ideological confusion in the Confederate states, coupled with the expanding ideological toughness of the United States, assists describe the Union victory. "Even with all the hardships," Carleton Discounts has mentioned, "the South up to the really close however experienced good methods and manpower." Many nations and people today have ongoing to combat with much inferior means and weapons. Beals thinks that the Confederacy's ideological contradictions were its gravest liabilities, eventually triggering its defeat. He displays how the Confederate army was disbanding by the spring of 1865 in Texas and other states, even in the absence of Union methods. On the home front far too, as Jefferson Davis set it, "The zeal of the persons is failing."fifty five Five textbooks explain to how the problem of states' legal rights interfered with the Accomplice cause,5* Only The American Experience presents college students a Air Max 2011 clue of any other ideological weakness of the Confederacy or power of the Union. Adventure tells how slavery broke down when Union armies arrived close to and that many poor whites in the South did not aid the war due to the fact they felt they would be preventing for slaveowners. Ac/venterf also offers unique resources on the evolution of Union war aims and asks, "H nike air max women of all ages ow would these kinds of attitudes affect the carry out and outcome of the war?" No other textbook mentions strategies or ideologies as a power or weak point of possibly aspect. The Civil W nike air max 90 infrared ar was about one thing, following all. Textbooks must tell us what."

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Structure

This centrosymmetric triatomic anion features the strongest known hydrogen bond, with an FH length of 114 pm[1] and a bond strength of >155 kJ mol−1.[2] A molecular orbital diagram reveals the atoms to be held together by a 3-center 4-electron bond.[3] It is isoelectronic with the fluoroheliate anion, FHeO, whose existence is suspected[4] but not confirmed, and with the hypothetical compound helium difluoride, HeF2. "Hydrogen(difluoride)" is written as one word because it is an anion; "hydrogen difluoride" would instead imply the electrically neutral compound HF2 (CAS number 12528-21-1). It is classified as a weak base.

Chemical reactions

Bifluoride undergoes the typical chemical reactions of a fluorohydronate. Upon treatment with a standard acid, it converts to hydrofluoric acid and a metal salt. Oxidation of bifluoride gives fluorine. When heated to a high temperature, bifluoride salts decompose to produce fluoride salts and hydrogen fluoride:

[HF2] → HF + F

Production

Bifluoride is produced by hydrogen fluoride fluorination. In this process hydrogen fluoride and fluoride anions react to produce bifluoride according to the following reaction:

HF + F → [HF2]

This process also involves μ-fluoro-fluorodihydrogen as an intermediate, and occurs in two steps. No catalyst is needed for fluorination (step 2).

  1. 2 HF → [H2F2]
  2. [H2F2] + F → [HF2] + HF

Catalytic amounts of hydrogen fluoride are used for the process.

Salts

Some HF2 salts are common, examples include potassium bifluoride (KHF2, also called potassium hydrogen fluoride) and ammonium bifluoride ([NH4][HF2]). Many salts claimed to be anhydrous sources of simple fluoride (F) ions, for example, tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride, can decompose to yield bifluoride instead.Template:Cn

Autodissociation of pure HF

The bifluoride ion also contributes to the unusually high auto-protolysis constant of liquid anhydrous hydrogen fluoride, which autodissociates in a manner similar to the self-ionization of water. This equilibrium can be denoted as

HF H+ + F

However, both the H+ and F ions are solvated by HF, so a better descriptive equation is

3HF H2F+(HF) + HF2(HF)

References

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  1. Template:Greenwood&Earnshaw
  2. Emsley, J., "Very Strong Hydrogen Bonds", Chemical Society Reviews, 1980, 9, 91-124.
  3. Pimentel, G. C. The Bonding of Trihalide and Bifluoride Ions by the Molecular Orbital Method. J. Chem. Phys. 1951, 19, 446-448. 21 year-old Glazier James Grippo from Edam, enjoys hang gliding, industrial property developers in singapore developers in singapore and camping. Finds the entire world an motivating place we have spent 4 months at Alejandro de Humboldt National Park.
  4. Template:Cite web