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In mathematics, especially [[ring theory]], the class of '''Frobenius rings''' and their generalizations are the extension of work done on [[Frobenius algebra]]s. Perhaps the most important generalization is that of '''quasi-Frobenius rings''' (QF rings), which are in turn generalized by right '''pseudo-Frobenius rings''' (PF rings) and right '''finitely pseudo-Frobenius rings''' (FPF rings). Other diverse generalizations of quasi-Frobenius rings include '''QF-1''', '''QF-2''' and '''QF-3''' rings.


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These types of rings can be viewed as descendants of algebras examined by [[Georg Frobenius]].  A partial list of pioneers in quasi-Frobenius rings includes [[Richard Brauer|R. Brauer]], [[Kiiti Morita|K. Morita]], [[Tadashi Nakayama (mathematician)|T. Nakayama]], [[Cecil J. Nesbitt|C. J. Nesbitt]], and [[Robert M. Thrall|R. M. Thrall]].
 
==Definitions==
For the sake of presentation, it will be easier to define quasi-Frobenius rings first.  In the following characterizations of each type of ring, many properties of the ring will be revealed. 
 
A ring ''R'' is '''quasi-Frobenius''' if and only if ''R'' satisfies any of the following equivalent conditions:
# ''R'' is [[noetherian ring|Noetherian]] on one side and [[injective module#Self-injective rings|self-injective]] on one side.
# ''R'' is [[Artinian ring|Artinian]] on a side and self-injective on a side.
# All right (or all left) ''R'' modules which are [[projective module|projective]] are also [[injective module|injective]].
# All right (or all left) ''R'' modules which are injective are also projective.
 
A '''Frobenius ring''' ''R'' is one satisfying any of the following equivalent conditions. Let ''J''=J(''R'') be the [[Jacobson radical]] of ''R''.
# ''R'' is quasi-Frobenius and the [[Socle (mathematics)|socle]] <math>\mathrm{soc}(R_R)\cong R/J</math> as right ''R'' modules.
#''R'' is quasi-Frobenius and <math>\mathrm{soc}(_R R)\cong R/J</math> as left ''R'' modules.
# As right ''R'' modules <math>\mathrm{soc}(R_R)\cong R/J</math>, and as left ''R'' modules <math>\mathrm{soc}(_R R)\cong R/J</math>.
 
For a commutative ring ''R'', the following are equivalent:
# ''R'' is Frobenius
# ''R'' is QF
# ''R'' is a finite direct sum of [[local ring|local]] artinian rings which have unique [[minimal ideal]]s.  (Such rings are examples of "zero-dimensional [[Gorenstein ring|Gorenstein local rings]]".)
 
A ring ''R'' is '''right pseudo-Frobenius''' if any of the following equivalent conditions are met:
# Every [[faithful module|faithful]] right ''R'' module is a [[generator (category theory)|generator]] for the category of right ''R'' modules.
# ''R'' is right self-injective and is a [[Injective cogenerator|cogenerator]] of Mod-''R''.
# ''R'' is right self-injective and is [[finitely generated module|finitely cogenerated]] as a right ''R'' module.
# ''R'' is right self-injective and a right [[Kasch ring]].
# ''R'' is right self-injective, [[semilocal ring|semilocal]] and the socle soc(''R''<sub>''R''</sub>) is an [[essential submodule]] of ''R''.
# ''R'' is a cogenerator of Mod-''R'' and is a left Kasch ring.
 
A ring ''R'' is '''right finitely pseudo-Frobenius''' if and only if every [[Finitely generated module|finitely generated]] faithful right ''R'' module is a generator of Mod-''R''.
 
==Thrall's QF-1,2,3 generalizations==
In the seminal article {{harv|Thrall|1948}}, R. M. Thrall focused on three specific properties of (finite dimensional) QF algebras and studied them in isolation.  With additional assumptions, these definitions can also be used to generalize QF rings. A few other mathematicians pioneering these generalizations included [[Kiiti Morita|K. Morita]] and H. Tachikawa.
 
Following {{harv|Anderson|Fuller|1992}}, let ''R'' be a left or right Artinian ring:
*''R'' is QF-1 if all faithful left modules and faithful right modules are [[balanced module]]s. 
*''R'' is QF-2 if each indecomposable projective right module and each indecomposable projective left module has a unique minimal submodule. (I.e. they have simple socles.)
*''R'' is QF-3 if the [[injective hull]]s E(''R''<sub>''R''</sub>) and E(<sub>''R''</sub>''R'') are both projective modules.
 
The numbering scheme does not necessarily outline a hierarchy. Under more lax conditions, these three classes of rings may not contain each other. Under the assumption that ''R'' is left or right Artinian however, QF-2 rings are QF-3. There is even an example of a QF-1 and QF-3 ring which is not QF-2.
 
==Examples==
*Every Frobenius ''k'' algebra is a Frobenius ring.
*Every [[semisimple ring]] is clearly quasi-Frobenius, since all modules are projective and injective.  Even more is true however: semisimple rings are all Frobenius. This is easily verified by the definition, since for semisimple rings <math>\mathrm{soc}(R_R)=\mathrm{soc}(_R R)=R</math> and ''J''&nbsp;=&nbsp;rad(''R'')&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.
*The [[quotient ring]] <math>\frac{ \mathbb{Z} }{ n \mathbb{Z} }</math> is QF for any positive integer ''n''>1.
*Commutative Artinian [[serial module|serial rings]] are all Frobenius, and in fact have the additional property that every quotient ring ''R''/''I'' is also Frobenius. It turns out that among commutative Artinian rings, the serial rings are exactly the rings whose (nonzero) quotients are all  Frobenius.
*Many exotic PF and FPF rings can be found as examples in {{harv|Faith|1984}}
 
==See also==
*[[Quasi-Frobenius Lie algebra]]
 
==Notes==
The definitions for QF, PF and FPF are easily seen to be categorical properties, and so they are preserved by [[Morita equivalence]],  however being a Frobenius ring ''is not'' preserved.
 
For one-sided Noetherian rings the conditions of left or right PF both coincide with QF, but FPF rings are still distinct.
 
A finite dimensional algebra ''R'' over a field ''k'' is a Frobenius ''k''-algebra if and only if ''R'' is a Frobenius ring.
 
QF rings have the property that all of their modules can be embedded in a [[free module|free]] ''R'' module. This can be seen in the following way.  A module ''M'' embeds into its [[injective hull]] ''E''(''M''), which is now also projective. As a projective module, ''E''(''M'') is a summand of a free module ''F'', and so ''E''(''M'') embeds in ''F'' with the inclusion map.  By composing these two maps, ''M'' is embedded in ''F''.
 
==Textbooks==
*{{Citation | last1=Anderson | first1=Frank Wylie | last2=Fuller | first2=Kent R | title=Rings and Categories of Modules | url=http://books.google.com/?id=PswhrD_wUIkC  | publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] | location=Berlin, New York | isbn=978-0-387-97845-1 | year=1992}}
*{{Citation | last1=Faith| first1=Carl| last2=Page| first2=Stanley | title=FPF Ring Theory: Faithful modules and generators of Mod-$R$| publisher=Cambridge University Press | series=London Mathematical Society Lecture Note Series No. 88 | isbn=0-521-27738-8 | id={{MathSciNet|id=0754181}} | year=1984}}
*{{Citation | last1=Lam | first1=Tsit-Yuen | title=Lectures on modules and rings | publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] | location=Berlin, New York | series=Graduate Texts in Mathematics No. 189 | isbn=978-0-387-98428-5 | id={{MathSciNet|id=1653294}} | year=1999}}
*{{Citation | last1=Nicholson | first1=W. K. | last2=Yousif | first2=M. F. | title=Quasi-Frobenius rings |  publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=0-521-81593-2
| year=2003}}
 
==References==
 
For QF-1, QF-2, QF-3 rings:
*{{citation
  |author=Morita, Kiiti
  |title=On algebras for which every faithful representation is its own second commutator
  |journal=Math. Z.
  |volume=69
  |year=1958
  |pages=429–434
  |issn=0025-5874
  }}
*{{citation
  |author=Ringel, Claus Michael
  |author=Tachikawa, Hiroyuki
  |title=${\rm QF}-3$ rings
  |journal=J. Reine Angew. Math.
  |volume=272
  |year=1974
  |pages=49–72
  |issn=0075-4102
  }}
*{{citation
  |author=Thrall, R. M.
  |title=Some generalization of quasi-Frobenius algebras
  |journal=Trans. Amer. Math. Soc.
  |volume=64
  |year=1948
  |pages=173–183
  |issn=0002-9947
  }}
 
[[Category:Module theory]]
[[Category:Ring theory]]

Revision as of 03:24, 22 October 2013

In mathematics, especially ring theory, the class of Frobenius rings and their generalizations are the extension of work done on Frobenius algebras. Perhaps the most important generalization is that of quasi-Frobenius rings (QF rings), which are in turn generalized by right pseudo-Frobenius rings (PF rings) and right finitely pseudo-Frobenius rings (FPF rings). Other diverse generalizations of quasi-Frobenius rings include QF-1, QF-2 and QF-3 rings.

These types of rings can be viewed as descendants of algebras examined by Georg Frobenius. A partial list of pioneers in quasi-Frobenius rings includes R. Brauer, K. Morita, T. Nakayama, C. J. Nesbitt, and R. M. Thrall.

Definitions

For the sake of presentation, it will be easier to define quasi-Frobenius rings first. In the following characterizations of each type of ring, many properties of the ring will be revealed.

A ring R is quasi-Frobenius if and only if R satisfies any of the following equivalent conditions:

  1. R is Noetherian on one side and self-injective on one side.
  2. R is Artinian on a side and self-injective on a side.
  3. All right (or all left) R modules which are projective are also injective.
  4. All right (or all left) R modules which are injective are also projective.

A Frobenius ring R is one satisfying any of the following equivalent conditions. Let J=J(R) be the Jacobson radical of R.

  1. R is quasi-Frobenius and the socle as right R modules.
  2. R is quasi-Frobenius and as left R modules.
  3. As right R modules , and as left R modules .

For a commutative ring R, the following are equivalent:

  1. R is Frobenius
  2. R is QF
  3. R is a finite direct sum of local artinian rings which have unique minimal ideals. (Such rings are examples of "zero-dimensional Gorenstein local rings".)

A ring R is right pseudo-Frobenius if any of the following equivalent conditions are met:

  1. Every faithful right R module is a generator for the category of right R modules.
  2. R is right self-injective and is a cogenerator of Mod-R.
  3. R is right self-injective and is finitely cogenerated as a right R module.
  4. R is right self-injective and a right Kasch ring.
  5. R is right self-injective, semilocal and the socle soc(RR) is an essential submodule of R.
  6. R is a cogenerator of Mod-R and is a left Kasch ring.

A ring R is right finitely pseudo-Frobenius if and only if every finitely generated faithful right R module is a generator of Mod-R.

Thrall's QF-1,2,3 generalizations

In the seminal article Template:Harv, R. M. Thrall focused on three specific properties of (finite dimensional) QF algebras and studied them in isolation. With additional assumptions, these definitions can also be used to generalize QF rings. A few other mathematicians pioneering these generalizations included K. Morita and H. Tachikawa.

Following Template:Harv, let R be a left or right Artinian ring:

  • R is QF-1 if all faithful left modules and faithful right modules are balanced modules.
  • R is QF-2 if each indecomposable projective right module and each indecomposable projective left module has a unique minimal submodule. (I.e. they have simple socles.)
  • R is QF-3 if the injective hulls E(RR) and E(RR) are both projective modules.

The numbering scheme does not necessarily outline a hierarchy. Under more lax conditions, these three classes of rings may not contain each other. Under the assumption that R is left or right Artinian however, QF-2 rings are QF-3. There is even an example of a QF-1 and QF-3 ring which is not QF-2.

Examples

See also

Notes

The definitions for QF, PF and FPF are easily seen to be categorical properties, and so they are preserved by Morita equivalence, however being a Frobenius ring is not preserved.

For one-sided Noetherian rings the conditions of left or right PF both coincide with QF, but FPF rings are still distinct.

A finite dimensional algebra R over a field k is a Frobenius k-algebra if and only if R is a Frobenius ring.

QF rings have the property that all of their modules can be embedded in a free R module. This can be seen in the following way. A module M embeds into its injective hull E(M), which is now also projective. As a projective module, E(M) is a summand of a free module F, and so E(M) embeds in F with the inclusion map. By composing these two maps, M is embedded in F.

Textbooks

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    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

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    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010

References

For QF-1, QF-2, QF-3 rings:

  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010