File:LangevinScrew BornChart.png

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Original file (400 × 400 pixels, file size: 93 KB, MIME type: image/png)

This file is from Wikimedia Commons and may be used by other projects. The description on its file description page there is shown below.

The following diagrams depict a list of centroids. A centroid of an object X in n-dimensional space is the intersection of all hyperplanes that divide X into two parts of equal moment about the hyperplane. Informally, it is the "average" of all points of X. For an object of uniform composition (mass, density, etc.) the centroid of a body is also its centre of mass.

Shape Figure x¯ y¯ Area
Right-triangular area b3 h3 bh2
Quarter-circular area 4r3π 4r3π πr24
Semicircular area 0 4r3π πr22
Quarter-elliptical area File:Elliptical quarter.svg 4a3π 4b3π πab4
Semielliptical area 0 4b3π πab2
Semiparabolic area The area between the curve y=hb2x2 and the y axis, from x=0 to x=b 3b8 3h5 2bh3
Parabolic area The area between the curve y=hb2x2 and the line y=h 0 3h5 4bh3
Parabolic spandrel The area between the curve y=hb2x2 and the x axis, from x=0 to x=b 3b4 3h10 bh3
General spandrel The area between the curve y=hbnxn and the x axis, from x=0 to x=b n+1n+2b n+14n+2h bhn+1
Circular sector The area between the curve (in polar coordinates) r=ρ and the pole, from θ=α to θ=α 2ρsin(α)3α 0 αρ2
Circular segment 0 4Rsin3θ23(θsinθ) R22(θsinθ)
Quarter-circular arc The points on the circle x2+y2=r2 and in the first quadrant 2rπ 2rπ πr2
Semicircular arc The points on the circle x2+y2=r2 and above the x axis 0 2rπ πr
Arc of circle The points on the curve (in polar coordinates) r=ρ, from θ=α to θ=α ρsin(α)α 0 2αρ

Template:Classicalmechanics-stub

Summary

Description
English: This figure depicts, in the Born chart, the desynchronization of clocks carried by observers riding on a rigidly rotating disk. The z coordinate is inessential and has been suppressed in the figure.

Consider integral curves of the third spacelike Langevin frame vector

which pass through . As the figure shows, we can use these to form a spatial hyperslice. But two things go wrong.

First, the spatial hyperslice we obtain only contains the second spacelike Langevin frame vector

along one radius. By the Frobenius integrability theorem, it is in fact impossible to find a spatial hyperslice to which the unit vector fields are tangent. The Frobenius integrability theorem can be viewed in terms of the failure of our two vector fields to form a two-dimensional Lie algebra of vector fields, so this is Lie theoretic obstruction to defining spatial hyperslices for the Langevin observers.

Second, as the figure shows, our spatial hyperslice is not only non-orthogonal to most of our Langevin observers, it also leads to a discontinuity (the coral colored vertical "jump"). If we tried to define a slicing of Minkowski spacetime into a family of spatial hyperslices isometric to this one, we would be forced to allow multiple valued time. This obstruction is global and arises from our inability to synchronize the clocks of Langevin observers riding even a ring, much less a disk (which we can think of as formed from concentric rings).

This figure was created by User:Hillman using Maple to export a jpg image and eog to convert this to a png image.
Date 20 May 2006 (original upload date)
Source Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons.
Author Hillman at English Wikipedia


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It is recommended to name the SVG file “LangevinScrew BornChart.svg”—then the template Vector version available (or Vva) does not need the new image name parameter.

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Original upload log

The original description page was here. All following user names refer to en.wikipedia.
Date/Time Dimensions User Comment
2006-05-20 02:25 400×400× (16293 bytes) Hillman This figure depicts, in the [[Born coordinates|Born chart]], the desynchronization of clocks carried by observers riding on a rigidly rotating disk. The z coordinate is inessential and has been supressed in the figure. Consider integral curves of the th

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20 May 2006

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current22:28, 23 December 2016Thumbnail for version as of 22:28, 23 December 2016400 × 400 (93 KB)wikimediacommons>Karl HilpoltQuality improved

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