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{{One source|date=November 2010}}
[[File:Hypotenuse.svg|thumb|150px|Aright|A right-angled triangle and its hypotenuse.]]
In [[geometry]], a '''hypotenuse''' is the longest side of a [[Right triangle|right-angled triangle]], the side opposite of the [[right angle]]. The length of the hypotenuse of a [[right triangle]] can be found using the [[Pythagorean theorem]], which states that the [[Square (algebra)|square]] of the length of the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares of the lengths of the other two sides.
For example, if one of the other sides has a length of 3 (when squared, 9) and the other has a length of 4 (when squared, 16), then their squares add up to 25. The length of the hypotenuse is the [[square root]] of 25, that is,5.
==Etymology==
The word ''hypotenuse'' means essentially "length under", and derives from [[Latin]] ''hypotēnūsa'', a [[Romanization of Greek|transliteration]] of [[Ancient Greek]] {{Unicode|''hypoteínousa'' (''pleurā&#769;'' or ''grammē&#769;'')}}, the [[grammatical gender|feminine]] [[present tense|present]] [[participle]] of ''hypoteínō'', a combination of ''hypó'' ("under") and ''teínō'' ("I stretch" or "length").<ref>{{OEtymD|hypotenuse}}</ref><ref>{{LSJ|u(potei/nw}}, {{LSJ|u(po/}}, {{LSJ|tei/nw}}, {{LSJ|pleura/|ref}}</ref> The word ὑποτείνουσα was used for the hypotenuse of a triangle by [[Plato]] in the [[Timaeus (dialogue)]] 54d and by many other ancient authors.
 
A [[folk etymology]] says that ''tenuse'' means "side", so ''hypotenuse'' means a support like a prop or [[buttress]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Romping Through Mathematics |last=Anderson |first=Raymond |coauthors= |year=1947 |publisher=Faber |location= |isbn= |pages=52}}</ref> but this is inaccurate.
 
==Calculating the hypotenuse==
[[File:Triangle Sides.svg|200px|frame|right|A right-angled triangle and its hypotenuse, ''h'', along with [[Cathetus|catheti]], ''c<sub>1</sub>'' and ''c<sub>2</sub>''.]]
 
Usually the length of the hypotenuse is calculated using the [[square root]] function derived from the [[Pythagorean theorem]]. Setting x&nbsp;=&nbsp;c<sub>1</sub> and y&nbsp;=&nbsp;c<sub>2</sub> to avoid subscripts:
 
In mathematical notation;
 
:<math>h = \sqrt { x^2 + y^2 } </math>
 
The length can also be derived from the [[law of cosines]] by setting ''&#611;'' to 90&deg;:
 
:<math>c^2 = a^2 + b^2 - 2ab\cos90^\circ = a^2 + b^2 \therefore c = \sqrt{a^2 + b^2}</math>
 
Many computer languages support the ISO C standard function hypot(''x'',''y''), which returns the value above. The function is designed not to fail where the straightforward calculation might overflow or underflow and can be slightly more accurate.
 
Some scientific calculators provide a function to convert from [[rectangular coordinates]] to [[polar coordinates]]. This gives both the length of the hypotenuse and the [[angle]] the hypotenuse makes with the base line (''c<sub>1</sub>'' above) at the same time when given ''x'' and ''y''. The angle returned will normally be that given by [[atan2]](''y'',''x'').
 
== Properties ==
[[File:Triângulo retângulo.svg|thumb|225px|right|In the figure, '''a''' is the hypotenuse and '''b''' and '''c''' are the catheti. The orthographic projection of '''b''' is '''m''', and of '''c''' is '''n'''.]]
 
[[Orthographic projection]]s:
 
* The length of the hypotenuse equals the sum of the lengths  of the orthographic projections of both catheti. And
 
* The square of the length of a cathetus equals the [[Product (mathematics)|product]] of the lengths of its orthographic projection on the hypotenuse times the length of this.
 
::'''b² = a · m'''
::'''c² = a · n'''
 
* Also, the length of a cathetus '''b''' is the proportional mean between the lengths of its projection '''m''' and the hypotenuse '''a'''.
 
::'''a/b = b/m'''
::'''a/c = c/n'''
 
== Trigonometric ratios ==
 
By means of [[Trigonometry|trigonometric ratios]], one can obtain the value of two acute angles, <math>\alpha\,</math> and <math> \beta\,</math>, of the right triangle.
 
Given the length of the hypotenuse <math> c\,</math> and of a cathetus <math> b\,</math>, the ratio is:
 
[[File:Euklidova veta.svg|330px|right|]]
 
:::<math> \frac{b}{c} = \sin (\beta)\,</math>
 
The trigonometric inverse function is:
 
:::<math> \beta\ = \arcsin\left(\frac {b}{c} \right)\,</math>
in which <math>\beta\,</math> is the angle opposite the cathetus <math> b\,</math>.
 
The adjacent angle of the catheti <math> b\,</math>, will be <math>\alpha\,</math> = 90° – <math>\beta\,</math>
 
One may also obtain the value of the angle <math>\beta\,</math> by the equation:
 
:::<math> \beta\ = \arccos\left(\frac {a}{c} \right)\,</math>
 
in which <math> a\,</math> is the other cathetus.
 
==See also==
*[[Cathetus]]
*[[Triangle]]
*[[Space diagonal]]
*[[Nonhypotenuse number]]
*[[Taxicab geometry]]
*[[Trigonometry]]
*[[Special right triangles]]
*[[Pythagoras]]
 
== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}
 
== References ==
* [http://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php/Hypotenuse ''Hypotenuse'' at Encyclopaedia of Mathematics]
* {{mathworld|urlname=Hypotenuse|title=Hypotenuse}}
 
[[Category:Elementary geometry]]
[[Category:Triangles]]
[[Category:Trigonometry]]
 
[[de:Rechtwinkliges Dreieck#Hypotenuse]]
[[vi:Tam giác#Phân loại tam giác]]

Revision as of 22:09, 22 February 2013

Template:One source

A right-angled triangle and its hypotenuse.

In geometry, a hypotenuse is the longest side of a right-angled triangle, the side opposite of the right angle. The length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle can be found using the Pythagorean theorem, which states that the square of the length of the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares of the lengths of the other two sides. For example, if one of the other sides has a length of 3 (when squared, 9) and the other has a length of 4 (when squared, 16), then their squares add up to 25. The length of the hypotenuse is the square root of 25, that is,5.

Etymology

The word hypotenuse means essentially "length under", and derives from Latin hypotēnūsa, a transliteration of Ancient Greek PROPERTY builders did not have the simplest year, what with the cooling measures imposed in January and the loan curbs in June, but some still managed to do effectively while others made their first foray abroad.

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A folk etymology says that tenuse means "side", so hypotenuse means a support like a prop or buttress,[3] but this is inaccurate.

Calculating the hypotenuse

A right-angled triangle and its hypotenuse, h, along with catheti, c1 and c2.

Usually the length of the hypotenuse is calculated using the square root function derived from the Pythagorean theorem. Setting x = c1 and y = c2 to avoid subscripts:

In mathematical notation;

h=x2+y2

The length can also be derived from the law of cosines by setting ɣ to 90°:

c2=a2+b22abcos90=a2+b2c=a2+b2

Many computer languages support the ISO C standard function hypot(x,y), which returns the value above. The function is designed not to fail where the straightforward calculation might overflow or underflow and can be slightly more accurate.

Some scientific calculators provide a function to convert from rectangular coordinates to polar coordinates. This gives both the length of the hypotenuse and the angle the hypotenuse makes with the base line (c1 above) at the same time when given x and y. The angle returned will normally be that given by atan2(y,x).

Properties

In the figure, a is the hypotenuse and b and c are the catheti. The orthographic projection of b is m, and of c is n.

Orthographic projections:

  • The length of the hypotenuse equals the sum of the lengths of the orthographic projections of both catheti. And
  • The square of the length of a cathetus equals the product of the lengths of its orthographic projection on the hypotenuse times the length of this.
b² = a · m
c² = a · n
  • Also, the length of a cathetus b is the proportional mean between the lengths of its projection m and the hypotenuse a.
a/b = b/m
a/c = c/n

Trigonometric ratios

By means of trigonometric ratios, one can obtain the value of two acute angles, α and β, of the right triangle.

Given the length of the hypotenuse c and of a cathetus b, the ratio is:

bc=sin(β)

The trigonometric inverse function is:

β =arcsin(bc)

in which β is the angle opposite the cathetus b.

The adjacent angle of the catheti b, will be α = 90° – β

One may also obtain the value of the angle β by the equation:

β =arccos(ac)

in which a is the other cathetus.

See also

Notes

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References

  • Hypotenuse at Encyclopaedia of Mathematics
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de:Rechtwinkliges Dreieck#Hypotenuse vi:Tam giác#Phân loại tam giác

  1. Template:OEtymD
  2. Template:LSJ, Template:LSJ, Template:LSJ, Template:LSJ
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