Rayleigh law: Difference between revisions
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{{chembox | |||
| Verifiedfields = changed | |||
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| verifiedrevid = 413751095 | |||
| ImageFile = Mannose structure.svg | |||
| ImageSize = 150px | |||
| ImageCaption = <small>D</small>-Mannopyranose | |||
| ImageFile1 = DL-Mannose.svg | |||
| ImageCaption1 = Fischer projections | |||
| OtherNames = | |||
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers | |||
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}} | |||
| CASNo = 31103-86-3 | |||
| PubChem = 18950 | |||
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}} | |||
| ChEMBL = 469448 | |||
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|changed|FDA}} | |||
| UNII = PHA4727WTP | |||
| SMILES = | |||
| MeSHName = Mannose | |||
}} | |||
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties | |||
| C=6|H=12|O=6 | |||
| Appearance = | |||
| Density = | |||
| MeltingPt = | |||
| BoilingPt = | |||
}} | |||
| Section3 = {{Chembox Hazards | |||
| Solubility = | |||
| MainHazards = | |||
| FlashPt = | |||
| Autoignition = | |||
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}} | |||
'''Mannose''' is a [[sugar]] [[monomer]] of the [[hexose|aldohexose]] series of [[carbohydrate]]s. Mannose is a C-2 [[epimer]] of [[glucose]]. Mannose is important in human metabolism, especially in the [[glycosylation]] of certain proteins. Several [[Congenital disorder of glycosylation|congenital disorders of glycosylation]] are associated with mutations in enzymes involved in mannose metabolism.<ref>{{cite pmid | 20363348 }}</ref> | |||
==Structure== | |||
Two of the cyclic mannose [[isomer]]s possess a [[pyranose]] (six-membered) ring, while the other two possess a [[furanose]] (five-membered) ring. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- style="background-color:#FFDEAD;" | |||
! colspan="2" | <small>D</small>-Mannose isomers | |||
|- class="hintergrundfarbe5" | |||
! colspan="2" | [[Haworth projection]]s | |||
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" | |||
| align="center" | [[File:Alpha-D-Mannofuranose.svg|120px]]<br />α-<small>D</small>-Mannofuranose<br /><1 % | |||
| align="center" | [[File:Beta-D-Mannofuranose.svg|120px]]<br />β-<small>D</small>-Mannofuranose<br /><1 % | |||
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" | |||
| align="center" | [[File:Alpha-D-Mannopyranose.svg|100px]]<br />α-<small>D</small>-Mannopyranose<br />67 % | |||
| align="center" | [[File:Beta-D-Mannopyranose.svg|100px]]<br />β-<small>D</small>-Mannopyranose<br />33 % | |||
|} | |||
==Metabolism== | |||
[[File:Metabolism of common monosaccharides, and related reactions.png|thumb|Metabolism of common monosaccharides and related reactions|300px]] | |||
While much of the mannose used in glycosylation is believed to be derived from glucose, in cultured hepatoma (cancerous cells from the liver) cells, most of the mannose for glycoprotein biosynthesis comes from extracellular mannose, not glucose.<ref>{{cite pmid | 9451038 }}</ref> Many of the glycoproteins produced in the liver are secreted into the bloodstream, so dietary mannose is distributed throughout the body. | |||
<ref>{{cite pmid | 11687298}}</ref> | |||
Mannose is present in numerous glycoconjugates including N-linked glycosylation of proteins. C-mannosylation is also abundant and can be found in collagen-like regions. | |||
The digestion of many polysaccharides and glycoproteins yields mannose which is phosphorylated by hexokinase to generate mannose-6-phosphate. Mannose-6-phosphate is converted to [[fructose-6-phosphate]], by the enzyme [[phosphomannose isomerase]], and then enters the [[Glycolysis|glycolytic pathway]] or is converted to [[glucose-6-phosphate]] by the [[Gluconeogenesis|gluconeogenic pathway]] of [[hepatocytes]]. | |||
==Biotechnology== | |||
Recombinant proteins produced in yeast may be subject to mannose addition in patterns different from those used by mammalian cells.<ref>{{cite pmid| 19520203 }}</ref> This difference in recombinant proteins from those normally produced in mammalian organisms may influence the effectiveness of vaccines. | |||
==Formation== | |||
Mannose can be formed by the oxidation of [[mannitol]]. | |||
It can also be formed from [[glucose]] in the [[Lobry-de Bruyn-van Ekenstein transformation]]. | |||
==Etymology== | |||
The root of both "mannose" and "[[mannitol]]" is [[manna]], which the [[Bible]] records as the food supplied to the Israelites during their journey in the region of [[Sinai]]. Several trees and shrubs can produce a substance called manna, such as the "manna tree" (''[[Fraxinus ornus]]'') from whose secretions mannitol was originally isolated. | |||
==Configuration== | |||
Mannose differs from glucose by inversion of the C-2 [[chiral center]]. Mannose displays a <math>^4C_1</math> pucker in the solution ring form. | |||
This apparently simple change leads to the drastically different biochemistry of the two hexoses, as it does the remaining six aldohexoses. | |||
==Mannose PTS Permease== | |||
[[File:MannoseComplex.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Mannose XYZ permease Complex Diagram: Entry of PEP which donates a high energy phosphate that gets passed through the transporter system and eventually assist in the entry of mannose (in this example otherwise it would any hexose sugar) and results in the formation of mannose-6-phosphate.]] | |||
[[File:MannosePTS.ogv|thumb|right|Video illustration of the MANXYZ sugar transporter complex transferring the high energy phosphate for PEP to the other subunits of the complex]] | |||
The PEP-dependent sugar transporting phosphotransferase system transports and simultaneously phosphorylates its sugar substrates. Mannose XYZ permease is a member of the family, with this distinct method being used by bacteria for sugar uptake particularly exogenous hexoses in the case of Mannose XYZ in order to release the phosphate esters into the cell cytoplasm in preparation for metabolism primarily through the route of glycolysis.<ref name="Postma 1993">{{Cite pmid|8246840}}</ref> The MANXYZ transporter complex is also involved in infection of E. Coli by bacteriophage Lambda, with subunit ManX and ManY being sufficient for proper Lambda phage infection.<ref name="Erni 1985">{{Cite pmid|2999119}}</ref> | |||
MANXYZ possesses four domains in three polypeptide chains; ManX, ManY, and ManZ. The ManX subunit forms a homodimer that is localized to the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. ManX contains two domains IIA and IIB linked by a hinge peptide with each domain containing a phosphorylation site and phosphoryl transfer occurs between both subunits.<ref name="Erni 1989">{{Cite pmid|2681202}}</ref> ManX can be membrane bound or non-membrane bound.<ref name="Erni 1985">{{Cite pmid|2999119}}</ref> The MANY and MANZ subunits are hydrophobic integral membrane proteins with six and one transmembrane alpha helical spanner(s).<ref name="Huber 1996">{{Cite pmid|8774730}}</ref> The phosphoryl group of PEP is transferred to the imported sugar via E1 (Enzyme 1), HPr (Histidine Protein) phosphate carrier and then to the MANX, MANY, and MANZ subunits of the MANXYZ transportation complex which phosphorylate the entering hexose sugar creating a hexose-6-phosphate. | |||
==See also== | |||
*[[alpha-Mannosidase]] | |||
*[[Mannose receptor]] | |||
*[[Mannan Oligosaccharide based nutritional supplements]] | |||
==References== | |||
{{reflist}} | |||
{{Carbohydrates}} | |||
[[Category:Aldohexoses]] | |||
Revision as of 07:06, 23 June 2013
Mannose is a sugar monomer of the aldohexose series of carbohydrates. Mannose is a C-2 epimer of glucose. Mannose is important in human metabolism, especially in the glycosylation of certain proteins. Several congenital disorders of glycosylation are associated with mutations in enzymes involved in mannose metabolism.[1]
Structure
Two of the cyclic mannose isomers possess a pyranose (six-membered) ring, while the other two possess a furanose (five-membered) ring.
| D-Mannose isomers | |
|---|---|
| Haworth projections | |
 α-D-Mannofuranose <1 % |
 β-D-Mannofuranose <1 % |
 α-D-Mannopyranose 67 % |
 β-D-Mannopyranose 33 % |
Metabolism
While much of the mannose used in glycosylation is believed to be derived from glucose, in cultured hepatoma (cancerous cells from the liver) cells, most of the mannose for glycoprotein biosynthesis comes from extracellular mannose, not glucose.[2] Many of the glycoproteins produced in the liver are secreted into the bloodstream, so dietary mannose is distributed throughout the body. [3]
Mannose is present in numerous glycoconjugates including N-linked glycosylation of proteins. C-mannosylation is also abundant and can be found in collagen-like regions.
The digestion of many polysaccharides and glycoproteins yields mannose which is phosphorylated by hexokinase to generate mannose-6-phosphate. Mannose-6-phosphate is converted to fructose-6-phosphate, by the enzyme phosphomannose isomerase, and then enters the glycolytic pathway or is converted to glucose-6-phosphate by the gluconeogenic pathway of hepatocytes.
Biotechnology
Recombinant proteins produced in yeast may be subject to mannose addition in patterns different from those used by mammalian cells.[4] This difference in recombinant proteins from those normally produced in mammalian organisms may influence the effectiveness of vaccines.
Formation
Mannose can be formed by the oxidation of mannitol.
It can also be formed from glucose in the Lobry-de Bruyn-van Ekenstein transformation.
Etymology
The root of both "mannose" and "mannitol" is manna, which the Bible records as the food supplied to the Israelites during their journey in the region of Sinai. Several trees and shrubs can produce a substance called manna, such as the "manna tree" (Fraxinus ornus) from whose secretions mannitol was originally isolated.
Configuration
Mannose differs from glucose by inversion of the C-2 chiral center. Mannose displays a pucker in the solution ring form.
This apparently simple change leads to the drastically different biochemistry of the two hexoses, as it does the remaining six aldohexoses.
Mannose PTS Permease
File:MannosePTS.ogv The PEP-dependent sugar transporting phosphotransferase system transports and simultaneously phosphorylates its sugar substrates. Mannose XYZ permease is a member of the family, with this distinct method being used by bacteria for sugar uptake particularly exogenous hexoses in the case of Mannose XYZ in order to release the phosphate esters into the cell cytoplasm in preparation for metabolism primarily through the route of glycolysis.[5] The MANXYZ transporter complex is also involved in infection of E. Coli by bacteriophage Lambda, with subunit ManX and ManY being sufficient for proper Lambda phage infection.[6] MANXYZ possesses four domains in three polypeptide chains; ManX, ManY, and ManZ. The ManX subunit forms a homodimer that is localized to the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. ManX contains two domains IIA and IIB linked by a hinge peptide with each domain containing a phosphorylation site and phosphoryl transfer occurs between both subunits.[7] ManX can be membrane bound or non-membrane bound.[6] The MANY and MANZ subunits are hydrophobic integral membrane proteins with six and one transmembrane alpha helical spanner(s).[8] The phosphoryl group of PEP is transferred to the imported sugar via E1 (Enzyme 1), HPr (Histidine Protein) phosphate carrier and then to the MANX, MANY, and MANZ subunits of the MANXYZ transportation complex which phosphorylate the entering hexose sugar creating a hexose-6-phosphate.
See also
References
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