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{{multiple issues|orphan =August 2010|COI=December 2009|notability =December 2009|primarysources=December 2009}}


'''Regulatory Feedback Networks''' describe a class of neural networks
related to '''Virtual Lateral Inhibition'''  (named to distinguish it
from [[lateral inhibition]]) that perform inference using [[negative
feedback]].<ref>J. Reggia, “Virtual lateral inhibition in parallel
activation models of associative memory,” in Proc. 9th International
Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence., Aug. 1985, pp.
244-248.</ref><ref name=mcfadden>Mcfadden, F. E. (1995).
"Convergence of Competitive Activation Models Based on Virtual Lateral
Inhibition." Neural Networks 8(6): 865-875.</ref><ref
name=first>Achler, T. (2002). Input Shunt Networks. Neurocomputing,
44, 249-255.</ref> The feedback is implemented during recognition
and during recognition connectivity parameters are not changed.  Thus
this is completely separate from learning/training (e.g. [[supervised
learning]] or [[unsupervised learning]]).  This is also different from
models of [[attentional shift|spatial attention]].  Instead, these
networks determine the relevance of inputs through a "conservation of
information principle".


== How the network functions ==
A Ukrainian Eurovision song contest winner is pushing her voice to the limit belting out songs nightly to keep up the morale of protesters camped out a snowy Kiev square - the unlikely figurehead of movement to oust President Viktor Yanukovich.<br>Ruslana Lyzhychko won with a song "Wild Dances" in 2004, becoming Ukraine's only Eurovision winner. For political elites that contest may seem a celebration of inanity, but for Ukrainians dreaming of a European future it brought recognition before a huge continental audience.<br>"Last night was a record for me - eight hours on stage," Lyzhychko told Reuters. "People look to me and they also stay."<br>The long nights in freezing temperatures have taken their toll. She looked worn to the bone, her face bare of makeup and hair disheveled, sucking throat lozenges as she whisked into the opposition's improvised HQ for another night.<br>Lyzhychko, her petite form belying a powerful deep voice, has been on stage virtually all night, every night in more than two weeks since protesters occupied the main square, enraged by Yanukovich's decision to scrap an EU trade deal and move the former Soviet republic closer to Moscow.<br>"She is fantastic. She is our voice, our soul, our face and our inspiration and our endurance," said activist Yegor Sobolev, draped in a yellow-blue Ukrainian flag.<br>Although she has become a hero to protesters camped out inside the barricades, not everyone shares their qualms about the beckoning of powerful northern neighbor Russia.<br>"When Ruslana won the Eurovision, we were proud of her... but now it is shameful," a reader from the largely Russian-speaking eastern Ukrainian region of Donbass commented in a local newspaper. "I am ashamed of Ruslana."<br>President Vladimir Putin wants Kiev, heavily indebted over Russian gas, as a central pillar in a customs union with Belarus and Kazakhstan to rival the EU and the United States.<br>BARRICADES<br>But Lyzhychko sings on as protesters prepare for mass weekend demonstrations and Russia and the EU vie for Kiev's favor, all the while cautious of the country's huge debts.<br>At night, Kiev's central Independence Square, or Maidan Nezalezhnosti, is filled with young men in hard hats and makeshift protective guards - volunteering as self-appointed security to man the barricades against any police raid.<br>Instantly surrounded by a half-dozen activists at Maidan, Ruslana plots strategy, ignoring the make artist and hair-dresser who fuss around her. Minutes later, she is transformed and ready for battle: eyes rimmed in sultry, dark eye-shadow and jet black locks swept up into an Amazonian pony tail.<br>One night, Lyzhychko's voice boomed out from the stage like a commander rallying troops as protesters shoved back against black-clad riot police, who tried to clear the streets without using force but eventually withdrew, far outnumbered.<br>Rock music blaring and fists pummeling the air, she belted out the refrain of a popular hit by one of Ukraine's most popular bands, Okean Elzy: "I won't give up without a fight," calling on people to wake friends to swell their numbers and rising chants of "Maidan, exists!"<br>"I am Ukrainian. I believe in my people, I believe in justice. I will stand firm," she yelled, stamping her [http://tinyurl.com/kecvhhb cheap ugg boots] [http://tinyurl.com/kecvhhb ugg boots sale] -clad feet to keep warm.<br>Lyzhychko is adored among protesters who see her as one of their own in a civil movement wary of politicians after being disappointed over the perceived failure of 2004-05 Orange Revolution to get rid of official corruption and bring change.<br>CHRISTMAS TREE<br>Some said they would vote for her, if she chose politics, but for now it is a mantle Lyzhychko rejects.<br>"You cannot lead Maidan, you can only join it," Lyzhychko said. "I think of myself as a volunteer ... showing people that we need to be here because there is no other way."<br>The pop star was also active in  [http://tinyurl.com/kecvhhb ugg boots sale] those 2004-2005 streets protests that succeeded in overturning a fraudulent election won by Yanukovich but not in reforming the political system that saw him again win the presidency in 2010.<br>"Russia is our past, Europe must be our future," said Lyzhychko, who is from Lviv, about 60 km from Ukraine's western border with EU member Poland where many  [http://tinyurl.com/kecvhhb http://tinyurl.com/kecvhhb] see Russian as occupiers who oppressed their country in the Soviet era.<br>Like others, Ruslana answered a Facebook call on November 21 to protest on the square where days later she had been booked to unveil a Christmas tree. That tree has now been torn to shreds by protesters using it to build barricades.<br>"After that night, the Kiev city administration called to cancel her participation, but anyway there was no opening and the Christmas tree is no more," Lyzhychko's spokeswoman said.<br>What is left of its towering wire carcass is  [http://tinyurl.com/kecvhhb cheap ugg boots] now festooned with flags and political messages.<br>(Reporting by Alissa de Carbonnel; editing by Ralph Boulton)<br>Tweet this <br>Link this <br>Share this<br>Digg this <br>Email<br>Print<br>Reprints<br>Comments (0) This discussion is now closed. We welcome comments on our articles for a limited period after their publication. <br>Read <br>[http://tinyurl.com/kecvhhb http://tinyurl.com/kecvhhb] Obama makes rare campaign trail appearance, people leave early 19 Oct 2014 <br><br>Turkey to let Iraqi Kurds reinforce Kobani as U.S. drops arms to defenders | 6:58pm EDT<br><br>Obama makes rare campaign trail appearance, some leave early 5:13am EDT<br><br>Nigeria declared Ebola-free, [http://Www.Bing.com/search?q=holds+lessons&form=MSNNWS&mkt=en-us&pq=holds+lessons holds lessons] for others | 3:59pm EDT<br><br>U.S. stocks end higher despite drag from IBM 5:08pm EDT<br>Follow Reuters Facebook<br>Twitter<br>RSS<br>YouTube<br><br>Edition: U.S.<br>Arabic<br><br>Argentina<br><br>Brazil<br><br>Canada<br><br>China<br><br>France<br><br>Germany<br><br>India<br><br>Italy<br><br>Japan<br><br>Latin America<br><br>Mexico<br><br>Russia<br><br>Spain<br><br>United Kingdom<br><br>Back to top<br>Reuters.com Business<br>Markets<br>World<br>Politics<br>Technology<br>Opinion<br>Money<br>Pictures<br>Videos<br>Site Index<br>More from Reuters Reuters News Agency<br>Brand Attribution Guidelines<br>Delivery Options<br>Support & Contact Support<br>Corrections<br>Connect with Reuters Twitter  <br>Facebook <br>LinkedIn  <br>RSS  <br>Podcast  <br>Newsletters  <br>Mobile<br>About Privacy Policy<br>Terms of Use<br>Advertise With Us<br>AdChoices<br>Copyright<br>Our Flagship financial information platform incorporating Reuters Insider An ultra-low latency [http://Www.Bing.com/search?q=infrastructure&form=MSNNWS&mkt=en-us&pq=infrastructure infrastructure] for electronic trading and data distribution A connected approach to governance, risk and compliance Our next generation legal research platform Our global tax workstation Thomsonreuters.com<br>About Thomson Reuters<br>Investor Relations<br>Careers<br>Contact Us<br>Thomson Reuters is the world's largest international multimedia news agency, providing investing news, world news, business news, technology news, headline news, small business news, news alerts, personal finance, stock market, and mutual funds information available on Reuters.com, video, mobile, and interactive television platforms. Thomson Reuters journalists are subject to an Editorial Handbook which requires fair presentation and disclosure of relevant interests.<br>NYSE and AMEX quotes delayed by at least 20 minutes. Nasdaq delayed by at least 15 minutes. For a complete list of exchanges and delays, please click here.
The computational basis of conservation of information is that an input
should not pass more information than is justified to the next layer.  
Thus inputs are regulated by the outputs they activate. Subsequently,  
each input’s contribution (i.e.  
[http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Visual_salience salience]) is  
adjusted through feedback regulation by its associated outputs. The
amplitudes of the adjusted inputs are propagated to the output layer. A
new salience is re-evaluated based on the new output activity (through
feedback). This can be iterated until the networks reach steady
state.<ref name=mcfadden /> At every step, the role of salience is
to maintain the relation where: the total activity of outputs connected
to an input will be equivalent to the input’s amplitude.<ref
name=first /><ref name=agi>Achler T., Amir E., “Input Feedback
Networks: Classification and Inference Based on Network Structure”
Artificial General Intelligence 2008
[http://reason.cs.uiuc.edu/tsvi/AGI.pdf pdf]</ref>
 
== How the network is used ==
These networks are best suited for nodes with binary connections.<ref
name=first /><ref name=agi /><ref name=shedding>Achler
T., Omar C., Amir E., “Shedding Weights: More With Less”, IEEE Proc.
International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, 2008
[http://reason.cs.uiuc.edu/tsvi/IJCNN.pdf pdf]</ref> Instead of
weights determining the relevance of connections, input salience is
adjusted at the time of recognition. For example, a node representing
car may connect to features wheels, door, and bumper. A node
representing bicycle may connect to features wheels, pedals, and chain.  
Given wheels, the network will determine how relevant the wheels are to  
either the bicycle or car nodes during recognition.
 
== Benefits/costs ==
This model displays unparalleled performance given simultaneous
patterns, addressing [[Curse of dimensionality|combinatorial
explosions]]     associated with simultaneous patterns.<ref
name=shedding /><ref>Achler T., Vural C., Amir, E., "Counting
with Biologically Inspired Regulatory Feedback Networks”, IEEE Proc.
International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, 2009
[http://reason.cs.uiuc.edu/tsvi/counting.pdf pdf]</ref>
 
The model can also generate solutions composed of multiple output nodes
with minimal overlap.<ref name=agi /><ref>Achler T., “Using
Non-Oscillatory Dynamics to Disambiguate Simultaneous Patterns”, IEEE
Proc. International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, 2009
[http://reason.cs.uiuc.edu/tsvi/Dynamics%20for%20Disambiguation%20IJCNN%202009.pdf  pdf]</ref> This property groups patterns together in a manner
that suggests a way out of a fundamental recognition conundrum called
the [[binding problem]] ('unity of perception' version).
 
In contrast to conventional neural networks or machine learning methods
these networks cannot be guaranteed to be able to capture any arbitrary
pattern. However for the patterns they can capture, they show these
properties.
 
== Implementation ==
Suppose there are [[Fuzzy logic|fuzzy-type]] input features
<math>x</math> and output nodes <math>y</math>.
Each output node <math>y_j</math> is defined by set of
feedforward binary connections <math>FF_j</math> from
<math>x</math>'s. It also has a set of symmetrical feedback
connections <math>FB</math> that implement [[negative
feedback]].  Due to the symmetry each member of
<math>FF_j</math> (a connection from input to output) has a
corresponding member in <math>FB</math> (a connection from
the same output to same input) that returns and inhibits the input.  
Lets label <math>FB_i</math> the set of connections that
return to an <math>x_i</math>.
<math>|FF_j|</math> is the number of connections to
<math>y_j</math>.  Lets label <math>s_i</math>  
the salience of input <math>x_i</math>. Then the activity of
  the output node is determined by:
 
<math>y_j(t+\Delta t)=\frac{y_j(t)}{|FF_j|}\sum_{k\in
FF_j}s_k</math>.
<br/>
The salience value <math>s_i</math> of a given
<math>x_i</math> is determined by:
<br/>
<math>s_i =\frac{x_i}{\sum_{r\in{FB_i}}y_r(t)}</math>.
<br/>
These equations can be iterated until the network reaches steady state.
 
== See also ==
* [[Visual perception]]
* [[Visual Object Recognition in Cognitive Neuroscience]]
* [[Bag of words model in computer vision]]
* [[Computational neuroscience]]
 
== References ==
<references/>
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Regulatory Feedback Network}}
[[Category:Control theory]]
[[Category:Computational neuroscience]]

Latest revision as of 16:20, 21 February 2014


A Ukrainian Eurovision song contest winner is pushing her voice to the limit belting out songs nightly to keep up the morale of protesters camped out a snowy Kiev square - the unlikely figurehead of movement to oust President Viktor Yanukovich.
Ruslana Lyzhychko won with a song "Wild Dances" in 2004, becoming Ukraine's only Eurovision winner. For political elites that contest may seem a celebration of inanity, but for Ukrainians dreaming of a European future it brought recognition before a huge continental audience.
"Last night was a record for me - eight hours on stage," Lyzhychko told Reuters. "People look to me and they also stay."
The long nights in freezing temperatures have taken their toll. She looked worn to the bone, her face bare of makeup and hair disheveled, sucking throat lozenges as she whisked into the opposition's improvised HQ for another night.
Lyzhychko, her petite form belying a powerful deep voice, has been on stage virtually all night, every night in more than two weeks since protesters occupied the main square, enraged by Yanukovich's decision to scrap an EU trade deal and move the former Soviet republic closer to Moscow.
"She is fantastic. She is our voice, our soul, our face and our inspiration and our endurance," said activist Yegor Sobolev, draped in a yellow-blue Ukrainian flag.
Although she has become a hero to protesters camped out inside the barricades, not everyone shares their qualms about the beckoning of powerful northern neighbor Russia.
"When Ruslana won the Eurovision, we were proud of her... but now it is shameful," a reader from the largely Russian-speaking eastern Ukrainian region of Donbass commented in a local newspaper. "I am ashamed of Ruslana."
President Vladimir Putin wants Kiev, heavily indebted over Russian gas, as a central pillar in a customs union with Belarus and Kazakhstan to rival the EU and the United States.
BARRICADES
But Lyzhychko sings on as protesters prepare for mass weekend demonstrations and Russia and the EU vie for Kiev's favor, all the while cautious of the country's huge debts.
At night, Kiev's central Independence Square, or Maidan Nezalezhnosti, is filled with young men in hard hats and makeshift protective guards - volunteering as self-appointed security to man the barricades against any police raid.
Instantly surrounded by a half-dozen activists at Maidan, Ruslana plots strategy, ignoring the make artist and hair-dresser who fuss around her. Minutes later, she is transformed and ready for battle: eyes rimmed in sultry, dark eye-shadow and jet black locks swept up into an Amazonian pony tail.
One night, Lyzhychko's voice boomed out from the stage like a commander rallying troops as protesters shoved back against black-clad riot police, who tried to clear the streets without using force but eventually withdrew, far outnumbered.
Rock music blaring and fists pummeling the air, she belted out the refrain of a popular hit by one of Ukraine's most popular bands, Okean Elzy: "I won't give up without a fight," calling on people to wake friends to swell their numbers and rising chants of "Maidan, exists!"
"I am Ukrainian. I believe in my people, I believe in justice. I will stand firm," she yelled, stamping her cheap ugg boots ugg boots sale -clad feet to keep warm.
Lyzhychko is adored among protesters who see her as one of their own in a civil movement wary of politicians after being disappointed over the perceived failure of 2004-05 Orange Revolution to get rid of official corruption and bring change.
CHRISTMAS TREE
Some said they would vote for her, if she chose politics, but for now it is a mantle Lyzhychko rejects.
"You cannot lead Maidan, you can only join it," Lyzhychko said. "I think of myself as a volunteer ... showing people that we need to be here because there is no other way."
The pop star was also active in ugg boots sale those 2004-2005 streets protests that succeeded in overturning a fraudulent election won by Yanukovich but not in reforming the political system that saw him again win the presidency in 2010.
"Russia is our past, Europe must be our future," said Lyzhychko, who is from Lviv, about 60 km from Ukraine's western border with EU member Poland where many http://tinyurl.com/kecvhhb see Russian as occupiers who oppressed their country in the Soviet era.
Like others, Ruslana answered a Facebook call on November 21 to protest on the square where days later she had been booked to unveil a Christmas tree. That tree has now been torn to shreds by protesters using it to build barricades.
"After that night, the Kiev city administration called to cancel her participation, but anyway there was no opening and the Christmas tree is no more," Lyzhychko's spokeswoman said.
What is left of its towering wire carcass is cheap ugg boots now festooned with flags and political messages.
(Reporting by Alissa de Carbonnel; editing by Ralph Boulton)
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