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| [[File:Clock lock.jpg|right|thumb|250px|A quartz clock]]
| | If an existing Word - Press code is found vulnerable, Word - Press will immediately issue an update for that. This means you can setup your mailing list and auto-responder on your wordpress site and then you can add your subscription form to any other blog, splash page, capture page or any other site you like. SEO Ultimate - I think this plugin deserves more recognition than it's gotten up till now. Keep reading for some great Word - Press ideas you can start using today. You can customize the appearance with PSD to Word - Press conversion ''. <br><br>These websites can be easily customized and can appear in the top rankings of the major search engines. If you have any inquiries regarding the place and how to use [http://9ja.in/backup_plugin_681510 backup plugin], you can get hold of us at our own webpage. When you write a new post, you'll see a small bar that goes across the text input area. Several claim that Wordpress just isn't an preferred tool to utilise when developing a professional site. Now, I want to anxiety that not every single query will be answered. The biggest advantage of using a coupon or deal plugin is that it gives your readers the coupons and deals within minutes of them becoming available. <br><br>Just ensure that you hire experienced Word - Press CMS developer who is experienced enough to perform the task of Word - Press customization to get optimum benefits of Word - Press CMS. But if you are not willing to choose cost to the detriment of quality, originality and higher returns, then go for a self-hosted wordpress blog and increase the presence of your business in this new digital age. Those who cannot conceive with donor eggs due to some problems can also opt for surrogacy option using the services of surrogate mother. Enough automated blog posts plus a system keeps you and your clients happy. So, if you are looking online to hire dedicated Wordpress developers, India PHP Expert can give a hand you in each and every best possible way. <br><br>Additionally Word - Press add a default theme named Twenty Fourteen. In case you need to hire PHP developers or hire Offshore Code - Igniter development services or you are looking for Word - Press development experts then Mindfire Solutions would be the right choice for a Software Development partner. Specialty about our themes are that they are easy to load, compatible with latest wordpress version and are also SEO friendly. The company gains commission from the customers' payment. This includes enriching the content with proper key words, tactfully defining the tags and URL. <br><br>You will know which of your Word - Press blog posts are attracting more unique visitors which in turn will help you develop better products and services for your customers. In fact portfolio Word - Press themes is a smooth and attractive but considerably flawed Word - Press theme in creating simpler to the photographers or designers to develop a specific internet site showcasing their most current perform since it appear modern-day and has fantastic typography and large photographs which would develop an attractive wanting portfolio internet site. Must being, it's beneficial because I don't know about you, but loading an old website on a mobile, having to scroll down, up, and sideways' I find links being clicked and bounced around like I'm on a freaking trampoline. Word - Press is the most popular personal publishing platform which was launched in 2003. Verify whether your company has a team of developers or programmers having hands-on experience and knowledge about all Word - Press concepts. |
| A '''quartz clock''' is a [[clock]] that uses an [[electronic oscillator]] that is regulated by a [[quartz]] crystal to keep time. This [[crystal oscillator]] creates a signal with very precise [[frequency]], so that quartz clocks are at least an order of magnitude more accurate than mechanical clocks. Generally, some form of digital logic counts the cycles of this signal and provides a numeric [[time]] display, usually in units of hours, minutes, and seconds. The first quartz clock was built in 1927 by Warren Marrison and J.W. Horton at [[Bell Telephone Laboratories]]. Since the 1980s when the advent of [[solid state (electronics)|solid state]] digital electronics allowed them to be made compact and inexpensive, quartz timekeepers have become the world's most widely used timekeeping technology, used in most clocks and [[watch]]es, as well as computers and other appliances that keep time.
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| == Explanation ==
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| Chemically, [[quartz]] is a compound called [[silicon dioxide]]. Many materials can be formed into plates that will resonate. However, quartz is also a [[piezoelectricity|piezoelectric material]]: that is, when a quartz crystal is subject to mechanical stress, such as bending, it accumulates electrical charge across some planes. In a reverse effect, if charges are placed across the crystal plane, quartz crystals will bend. Since quartz can be directly driven (to flex) by an electric signal, no additional speaker or microphone is required to use it in a resonator. Similar crystals were once used in low-end [[phonograph]] cartridges: The movement of the stylus (needle) would flex a quartz crystal, which would produce a small voltage, which was amplified and played through speakers. Quartz microphones are still available, though not common.
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| Quartz has a further advantage in that its size does not change much as [[temperature]] fluctuates. [[Fused quartz]] is often used for laboratory equipment that must not change shape along with the temperature, because a quartz plate's resonance frequency, based on its size, will not significantly rise or fall. Similarly, since its resonator does not change shape, a quartz clock will remain relatively accurate as the temperature changes.
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| In the early 20th century, radio engineers sought a precise, stable source of radio frequencies, and started at first with steel resonators. However, when [[Walter Guyton Cady]] found that quartz can resonate with less equipment and better temperature stability, steel resonators disappeared within a few years. Later, scientists at [[NIST]] (Then the U.S. National Bureau of Standards) discovered that a crystal oscillator could be more accurate than a [[pendulum clock]].
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| The electronic circuit is an [[oscillator]], an [[amplifier]] whose output passes through the quartz resonator. The resonator acts as an [[electronic filter]], eliminating all but the single frequency of interest. The output of the resonator feeds back to the input of the amplifier, and the resonator assures that the oscillator "howls" with the exact frequency of interest. When the circuit starts up,
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| even a single [[Shot noise|shot]] can cascade to bringing the oscillator at the desired frequency. If the amplifier is too perfect, the oscillator will not start.
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| The frequency at which the crystal oscillates depends on its shape, size, and the crystal plane on which the quartz is cut. The positions at which electrodes are placed can slightly change the tuning, as well. If the crystal is accurately shaped and positioned, it will oscillate at a desired frequency. In clocks and watches, the frequency is usually 32,768 Hz, and the crystal is cut in a small tuning fork shape on a particular crystal plane. This frequency is a power of two, just high enough so most people cannot hear it, yet low enough to permit inexpensive counters to derive a 1 second pulse. A 15-bit [[Binary numeral system|binary]] [[Digital electronics|digital]] counter driven by the frequency will overflow once per second, creating a digital pulse once per second. The pulse-per-second output can be used to drive many kinds of clocks.
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| Although quartz has a very low [[coefficient of thermal expansion]], temperature changes are the major cause of frequency variation in crystal oscillators. The most obvious way of reducing the effect of temperature on oscillation rate is to keep the crystal at a constant temperature. For laboratory grade oscillators an [[Crystal oven|Oven-Controlled Crystal Oscillator]] is used, in which the crystal is kept in a very small oven that is held at a constant temperature. This method is however unpractical for consumer quartz clock and wrist watch movements.
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| The crystal planes and tuning of a consumer grade clock crystal are designed for minimal temperature sensitivity in terms of their effect on frequency and operate best at about 28 °C. At that temperature the crystal oscillates at its fastest. A higher or lower temperature will result in a -0.035 parts per million/°C<sup>2</sup> (slower) oscillation rate. So a ±1 °C temperature deviation will account for a (1)<sup>2</sup> x -0.035 = -0.035 parts per million (ppm) rate, which is equivalent to -1.1 seconds per year. If, instead, the crystal experiences a ±10 °C temperature deviation, then the rate change will be (10)<sup>2</sup> x -0.035 ppm = 100 x -0.035 ppm = -3.5 ppm, which is equivalent to -110 seconds per year.
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| Quartz watch manufacturers use a simplified version of the Oven-Controlled Crystal Oscillator method by recommending that their watches be worn regularly to ensure best performance. Regular wearing of a quartz watch significantly reduces the magnitude of environmental temperature swings, since a correctly designed watch case forms an expedient [[crystal oven]] that uses the stable temperature of the human body to keep the crystal in its most accurate temperature range.
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| == Mechanism ==
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| [[File:Armbanduhr Rueckseite.jpg|thumb|Basic quartz wristwatch movement. Bottom right quartz crystal oscillator, left button cell watch battery. Top right oscillator counter, top left the coil of the stepper motor that powers the watch hands.]]
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| [[File:Inside_QuartzCrystal-Tuningfork.jpg|thumb|Picture of a quartz crystal resonator, used as the timekeeping component in quartz watches and clocks, with the case removed. It is formed in the shape of a tuning fork. Most such quartz clock crystals vibrate at a frequency of 32,768 Hz.]]
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| In modern quartz clocks, the quartz crystal [[resonator]] or oscillator is in the shape of a small [[tuning fork]], [[laser]]-trimmed or precision lapped to vibrate at 32,768 [[Hertz|Hz]]. This frequency is equal to 2<sup>15</sup> cycles per second. A power of 2 is chosen so a simple chain of digital divide-by-2 stages can derive the 1 Hz signal needed to drive the watch's second hand. In most clocks, the resonator is in a small can or flat package, about 4 mm long. The reason the 32,768 Hz resonator has become so common is due to a compromise between the large physical size of low frequency crystals for watches and the large current drain of [[high frequency]] crystals, which reduces the life of the [[watch battery]]. During the 1970s, the introduction of [[MOSFET|metal–oxide–semiconductor]] (MOS) [[integrated circuit]]s allowed a 12-month battery life from a single [[coin cell]] when driving either a mechanical [[Lavet type stepping motor]] or a [[liquid crystal display]] (in an LCD digital watch). [[Light-emitting diode]] (LED) displays for watches have become rare due to their comparatively high battery consumption.
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| The basic formula for calculating the [[fundamental frequency]] (f) of vibration of a [[cantilever]] as a function of its dimensions (quadratic cross-section) is:<ref name=Itoh2002>{{cite journal |author=Itoh H, Aoshima Y, Sakaguchi Y |title=Model for a quartz-crystal tuning fork using plate spring approximated to torsion spring adopted at the joint of the arm and the base |journal=Frequency Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition, 2002. IEEE International |pages=145–151 |year=2002 |doi=10.1109/FREQ.2002.1075871 |url=http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=1075871 |isbn=0-7803-7082-1}}</ref>
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| :::<math>f = \frac{1.875^2}{2\pi} \frac{a}{l^2} \sqrt \frac{E}{12 \rho}</math>
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| where
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| * 1.875 the smallest positive solution of cos(''x'')cosh(''x'') = -1 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://emweb.unl.edu/Mechanics-Pages/Scott-Whitney/325hweb/Beams.htm|title=Vibrations of Cantilever Beams: Deflection, Frequency, and Research Uses|last=Whitney|first=Scott|publisher=University of Nebraska–Lincoln|date=1999-04-23|accessdate=2011-11-09}}</ref>
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| * ''l'' is the length of the cantilever
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| * ''a'' is its thickness along the direction of motion
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| * ''E'' is its [[Young's modulus]]
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| * and ''ρ'' is its [[density]]
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| A cantilever made of [[quartz]] (''E'' = 10<sup>11</sup> [[Newton (unit)|N]]·m<sup>−2</sup> = 100 [[Pascal (unit)|GPa]] and ''ρ'' = 2634 [[Kilogram|kg]]·m<sup>−3</sup> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=density+of+quartz |title=density of quartz - Wolfram|Alpha |publisher=Wolframalpha.com |date= |accessdate=2010-03-25}}</ref>)
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| with a length of 3 mm and a thickness of 0.3 mm has thus a fundamental frequency of around 33 kHz.
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| The crystal is tuned to exactly 2<sup>15</sup> = 32,768 Hz or runs at a slightly higher frequency with inhibition compensation (see below).
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| == Accuracy ==
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| The relative stability of the resonator and its driving circuit is much better than its absolute accuracy. Standard-quality resonators of this type are warranted to have a long-term accuracy of about 6 parts per million (0.0006%) at {{convert|31|°C|°F|sigfig=3}}: that is, a typical quartz clock or wristwatch will gain or lose 15 seconds per 30 days (within a normal temperature range of 5°C/41°F to 35°C/95°F) or less than a half second [[clock drift]] per day when worn near the body.
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| ===Inhibition compensation===
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| Many inexpensive quartz clocks and watches use a technique known as ''inhibition compensation''.<ref>[http://tf.nist.gov/general/pdf/2276.pdf The Accuracy and Stability of Quartz Watches by Michael Lombardi (2008)]</ref> The crystal is deliberately made to run somewhat fast, and after manufacture each module is adjusted to keep accurate time by programming the digital logic to skip a small number of crystal cycles at regular intervals such as 10 seconds or 1 minute. For a typical quartz movement this allows programmed adjustments in 7.91 seconds per 30 days increments for 10 second intervals (on a 10 second measurement gate) or programmed adjustments in 1.32 seconds per 30 days increments for 60 seconds intervals (on a 60 second measurement gate). The advantage of this method is that after measuring the frequency of each chip with a precision timer at the factory, storing the number of pulses to suppress in a non-volatile memory register on the chip is less expensive than the older technique of trimming the quartz tuning fork frequency. The inhibition compensation logic of some quartz movements can be regulated by service centers with the help of a precision timer and adjustment terminal after leaving the factory, though many inexpensive quartz watch movements do not offer this functionality.
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| ===Internal adjustment===
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| Some premium movement designs self-rate and self-regulate. That is, rather than just counting vibrations, their computer program takes the simple count, and scales it using a ratio calculated between an [[epoch (reference date)|epoch]] set at the factory, and the most recent time the clock was set. These clocks usually have special instructions for changing the battery (the counter must not be permitted to stop), and become more accurate as they age.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}
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| It is possible for a computerized high accuracy quartz movement to measure its temperature, and adjust for that as well. Both [[analog signal|analog]] and [[Digital data|digital]] temperature compensation have been used in high-end quartz watches. In more expensive high end quartz watches, thermal compensation can be implemented by varying the number of cycles to inhibit depending on the output from a temperature sensor. The [[COSC#Standards_and_methods|COSC]] average daily rate standard for [[Certified chronometer|officially certified COSC quartz chronometers]] is ± 25.55 seconds per year. Thermo compensated quartz movements, even in wrist watches, can be accurate to within ± 5 to ± 25 seconds per year and can be used as [[Marine chronometer#Today|marine chronometers]] to determine [[longitude]] by means of [[celestial navigation]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://80calcs.pagesperso-orange.fr/Navigation/Chronometer.html |title=High accuracy timepieces that could be used as marine chronometer |accessdate=2007-09-22 |first=Alexander |last=Read }}</ref><ref>[http://forums.watchuseek.com/f9/thermocompensation-methods-movements-2087.html In Pursuit of Perfection : Thermocompensated Quartz Watches and Their Movements]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dorsum.ch/chronometer/index.html |title=High Accuracy Wristwatches as Marine Chronometers |accessdate=2013-04-21 |first=D. |last=Meier}}</ref>
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| ===External adjustment===
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| If a quartz movement is "rated" by measuring its timekeeping characteristics against a [[radio clock]]'s time broadcast, to determine how much time the watch gains or loses per day, and adjustments are made to the circuitry to "regulate" the timekeeping, then the corrected time will easily be accurate within ± 10 seconds per year. This is more than adequate to perform [[celestial navigation]].
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| == Chronometers ==
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| Quartz [[chronometer watch|chronometers]] designed as time standards often include a [[crystal oven]], to keep the crystal at a constant temperature. Some self-rate and include "crystal farms," so that the clock can take the [[average]] of a set of time measurements.
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| == History ==
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| [[Image:Early NBS crystal oscillator frequency standards.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Four precision 100 kHz quartz oscillators at the US Bureau of Standards (now [[National Institute of Standards and Technology|NIST]]) that became the first quartz frequency standard for the United States in 1929. Kept in temperature-controlled ovens to prevent frequency drift due to thermal expansion or contraction of the large quartz resonators (mounted under the glass domes on top of the units) they achieved accuracy of 10<sup>-7</sup>. ]]
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| [[File:MIH-film27jpg whitebalance.jpg|thumb|The first Swiss quartz clock, which was made after WW II (left), on display at the International Watchmaking Museum in [[La Chaux-de-Fonds]].]]
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| The piezoelectric properties of quartz were discovered by [[Jacques Curie|Jacques]] and [[Pierre Curie]] in 1880. The first quartz [[crystal oscillator]] was built by [[Walter Guyton Cady|Walter G. Cady]] in 1921. In 1923, [[D. W. Dye]] at the [[National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)|National Physical Laboratory]] in the [[UK]] and Warren Marrison at [[Bell Telephone Laboratories]] produced sequences of precision time signals with quartz oscillators. In 1927, the first quartz clock was built by Warren Marrison and J.W. Horton at Bell Telephone Laboratories.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Marrison |first=W.A. |coauthors=J.W. Horton |title=Precision determination of frequency |journal=I.R.E. Proc. |volume=16 |pages=137–154 |date=February 1928 |doi=10.1109/JRPROC.1928.221372 |issue=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Marrison |first=Warren |title=The Evolution of the Quartz Crystal Clock |year=1948 |journal=Bell System Technical Journal |publisher=AT&T |volume=27 |pages=510–588 |url=http://www.ieee-uffc.org/freqcontrol/marrison/Marrison.html}}</ref> The next 3 decades saw the development of quartz clocks as precision time standards in laboratory settings; the bulky delicate counting electronics, built with [[vacuum tube]]s, limited their use elsewhere. In 1932 a quartz clock was able to measure tiny variations in the rotation rate of the Earth over periods as short as a few weeks.<ref>[http://www.ieee-uffc.org/main/history.asp?file=marrison Marrison, 1948])</ref> The National Bureau of Standards (now [[NIST]]) based the time standard of the US on quartz clocks between the 1930s and the 1960s, then it went to [[atomic clocks]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Sullivan |first=D.B. |year=2001 |title=Time and frequency measurement at NIST: The first 100 years |publisher=Time and Frequency Division, [http://tf.nist.gov/ National Institute of Standards and Technology] |url=http://tf.nist.gov/timefreq/general/pdf/1485.pdf |page=5}}</ref> The wider use of quartz clock technology had to await the development of cheap [[semiconductor]] [[digital logic]] in the 60s.
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| The world's first prototype analog quartz [[Watch|wristwatches]] were revealed in 1967: the Beta 1 revealed by the Centre Electronique Horloger (CEH) in Neuchâtel Switzerland,<ref name=IEEE/><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Federation of the Swiss Watch Industry |title=From the roots until today's achievements.. |url=http://www.fhs.ch/en/history.php |accessdate = 2007-12-06}}</ref> and the prototype of the [[Astron (wristwatch)|Astron]] revealed by [[Seiko]] in Japan. (Seiko had been working on quartz clocks since 1958).<ref name=IEEE>http://www.ieee-uffc.org/main/history/step.pdf Carlene Stephens and Maggie Dennis ''Engineering time: inventing the electronic wristwatch''</ref>
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| In 1969, [[Seiko]] produced the world's first commercial quartz wristwatch, the [[Astron (wristwatch)|Astron]].<ref>[http://global.epson.com/company/corporate_history/milestone_products/pdf/05_35sq.pdf Astron]</ref> The inherent accuracy and low cost of production has resulted in the proliferation of quartz clocks and watches since that time. By the 1980s, quartz technology had taken over applications such as kitchen [[timer]]s, [[alarm clock]]s, bank vault [[time lock]]s, and time [[fuze]]s on munitions, from earlier mechanical [[balance wheel]] movements, an upheaval known in watchmaking as the [[quartz crisis]].
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| Quartz timepieces have dominated the [[watch|wristwatch]] and clock market since the 1980s, Because of the high [[Q factor]] and low temperature coefficient of the quartz crystal they are more accurate than the best mechanical timepieces, and the elimination of all moving parts makes them more rugged and eliminates the need for periodic maintenance.
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| == See also ==
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| * [[Automatic quartz]]
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| * [[Solar-powered watch|Light powered quartz]]
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| * [[Electric watch]]
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| * [[Quartz crisis]]
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| * [[German inventors and discoverers]]
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| * [[Lavet type stepping motor]]
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| * [[Pierce oscillator]]
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| == References ==
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| {{Reflist}}
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| == Further reading ==
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| * {{cite journal | author=Cook A | title=Time and the Royal Society | journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London | volume=55 | pages=9–27 | year=2001 | doi=10.1098/rsnr.2001.0123 | issue=1}}
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| * {{cite journal | author=Marrison WA | title=The Evolution of the quartz crystal clock | journal=Bell System Technical Journal | volume=27 | pages=510–588 | year=1948 | url=http://www.ieee-uffc.org/freqcontrol/marrison/Marrison.html}}
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| == External links ==
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| * [http://people.timezone.com/msandler/Articles/CarlosFinalParadigm/FinalParadigm.html TimeZone.com article on the development of quartz watches]
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| * [http://www.86watches.com/article.php?id=63 The American Time Guide to Quartz Watches]
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| * [http://www.explainthatstuff.com/quartzclockwatch.html Explain That Stuff: How quartz clocks work]
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| * [http://resonanceswaves.swishspace.com/gearsClock3.html#wholeQuartz Modern quartz "analog" clocks and watches with animations]
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| * {{HowStuffWorks|name=How Quartz Watches Work|page=quartz-watch|author=Douglas Dwyer}}
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| * [http://www.watchtalkforums.info/forums/general-discussion-forum/23620.htm Horology 101 - quartz F.A.Q.]
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Quartz Clock}}
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| [[Category:Clocks]]
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| [[Category:Horology]]
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| [[Category:Oscillators]]
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If an existing Word - Press code is found vulnerable, Word - Press will immediately issue an update for that. This means you can setup your mailing list and auto-responder on your wordpress site and then you can add your subscription form to any other blog, splash page, capture page or any other site you like. SEO Ultimate - I think this plugin deserves more recognition than it's gotten up till now. Keep reading for some great Word - Press ideas you can start using today. You can customize the appearance with PSD to Word - Press conversion .
These websites can be easily customized and can appear in the top rankings of the major search engines. If you have any inquiries regarding the place and how to use backup plugin, you can get hold of us at our own webpage. When you write a new post, you'll see a small bar that goes across the text input area. Several claim that Wordpress just isn't an preferred tool to utilise when developing a professional site. Now, I want to anxiety that not every single query will be answered. The biggest advantage of using a coupon or deal plugin is that it gives your readers the coupons and deals within minutes of them becoming available.
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You will know which of your Word - Press blog posts are attracting more unique visitors which in turn will help you develop better products and services for your customers. In fact portfolio Word - Press themes is a smooth and attractive but considerably flawed Word - Press theme in creating simpler to the photographers or designers to develop a specific internet site showcasing their most current perform since it appear modern-day and has fantastic typography and large photographs which would develop an attractive wanting portfolio internet site. Must being, it's beneficial because I don't know about you, but loading an old website on a mobile, having to scroll down, up, and sideways' I find links being clicked and bounced around like I'm on a freaking trampoline. Word - Press is the most popular personal publishing platform which was launched in 2003. Verify whether your company has a team of developers or programmers having hands-on experience and knowledge about all Word - Press concepts.