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In [[laser science]], '''laser beam quality''' defines aspects of the beam illumination pattern and the merits of a particular [[laser beam]]'s propagation and transformation properties (space-bandwidth criterion). By observing and recording the beam pattern, for example, one can infer the [[spatial mode]] properties of the beam and whether or not the beam is being clipped by an obstruction; By focusing the laser beam with a [[Lens (optics)|lens]] and measuring the minimum spot size, the number of times [[diffraction limit]] or focusing quality can be computed.
 
[[Anthony E. Siegman]] was the first to propose the formalism for a laser beam quality factor that could be measured and used to compare different beams, independent of [[wavelength]].<ref>{{cite paper |url=http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/proceeding.aspx?articleid=1006401 |title=Defining, measuring, and optimizing laser beam quality |first=Anthony E. |last=Siegman, |journal=Proc. SPIE 1868, Laser Resonators and Coherent Optics: Modeling, Technology, and Applications, |volume=2 |date=February 5, 1993 |doi=10.1117/12.150601}}</ref> The factor is called [[M squared|M<sup>2</sup>]], and it is closely related to the [[beam parameter product]]. While the M<sup>2</sup> factor does not give detail on the spatial characteristics of the beam, it does indicate how close it is to being a fundamental-mode [[Gaussian beam]].  It also determines the smallest spot size for the beam, as well as the [[beam divergence]]. M<sup>2</sup> can also give an indication of beam distortions due to, for example, power-induced [[thermal lensing]] in the [[laser gain medium]], since it will increase.
 
There are some limitations to the M<sup>2</sup> parameter as a simple quality metric. It can be difficult to measure accurately, and factors such as background noise can create large errors in M<sup>2</sup>.<ref name=Siegman_1997>{{cite web |first=A. E. |last=Siegman, |url=http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.177.3400&rep=rep1&type=pdf |format=pdf |title=How to (Maybe) Measure Laser Beam Quality |date=October 1997 |accessdate=Nov 25, 2013}} Tutorial presentation at the Optical Society of America Annual Meeting, Long Beach, California</ref> Beams with power well out in the "tails" of the distribution have M<sup>2</sup> much larger than one would expect. In theory, an idealized tophat laser beam has infinite M<sup>2</sup>, although this is not true of any physically realizable tophat beam. For a pure [[Bessel beam]], one cannot even compute M<sup>2</sup>.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://webusers.fis.uniroma3.it/~ottica/sant/pubs/Max035.pdf |title=M<sup>2</sup> factor of Bessel–Gauss beams |first1=R. |last1=Borghi |first2=M. |last2=Santarsiero |journal=Optics Letters |volume=22 |issue=5 |date=March 1, 1997}}</ref>
 
The definition of "quality" also depends on the application. While a high-quality single-mode Gaussian beam (M<sup>2</sup> close to unity) is optimum for many applications, for other applications a uniform multimode [[tophat beam]] intensity distribution is required. An example is [[laser surgery]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Current Concepts in Aesthetic and Reconstructive Oculoplastic Surgery, |editor=Constance L. Fry, Alan R. Faulkner.}}</ref>
 
Power-in-the-bucket and Strehl ratio are two other attempts to define beam quality. Both these methods use a [[Laser beam profiler]] to measure how much power is delivered to a given area. There is also no simple conversion between M<sup>2</sup>, power-in-the-bucket, and Strehl ratio.
 
==M<sup>2</sup> definitions==
{{main|M squared}}
[[Image:M2definition.gif|thumb|403px|right|M<sup>2</sup> definition]]
 
The [[equation]] for the [[Beam divergence|divergence]], of a pure [[Gaussian beam|Gaussian]] TEM<sub>00</sub> unfocused beam propagating through space is given by
:<math>\Theta_{00}={4\lambda \over \pi D_{00}}</math>,   (1)
 
where ''D''<sub>00</sub> is the diameter of the [[beam waist]], and ''λ'' is the wavelength. Higher mode beams often start with a larger beam waist, ''D''<sub>0</sub>, and/or have a faster divergence ''Θ''<sub>0</sub>. In this case Equation (1) becomes
:<math>\Theta_0=M^2 {4\lambda \over \pi D_0}</math>,  (2)
 
where ''Θ''<sub>0</sub> and ''D''<sub>0</sub> are the divergence and waist of a higher mode beam and ''M''<sup>2</sup> is greater than 1 and is named the "Beam Propagation [[Ratio]]" per the ISO 11146 standard. When a Gaussian laser beam is focused, the focused spot [[Beam diameter|diameter]] is defined by
:<math>d_{00}={4\lambda f \over \pi D_{00}}</math>,  (3)
 
where ''d''<sub>00</sub> is the ideal focused spot diameter, ''f'' is the [[focal length]] of the focusing lens, and ''D''<sub>00</sub> is the input beam waist and is placed one focal length from the lens as shown in the figure. However, when a [[Transverse mode|multimode]] beam is focused, Equation (3) becomes
:<math>d_0=M^2 {4\lambda f \over \pi D_0}</math>.   (4)
 
==M<sup>2</sup> measurement==
M<sup>2</sup> cannot be determined from a single beam profile measurement. The ISO/DIS 11146 define that M<sup>2</sup> should be calculated from a series of measurements as shown in the figure below.<ref>ISO 11146:2005(E), "Lasers and laser-related equipment — Test methods for laser beam widths, divergence angles and beam propagation ratios".</ref> M<sup>2</sup> is measured on real beams by focusing the beam with a fixed position lens of known focal length, and then measuring the characteristics of the beam waist and divergence. These measurements can be taken with a [[laser beam profiler]].
 
[[File:Focusinglens.gif|thumb|400px|center|Measurement positions for obtaining M<sup>2</sup>]]
 
The multiple measurements ensure that the minimum beam diameter is found and enable a "curve fit" that improves the accuracy of the calculation by minimizing measurement error.
 
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
 
[[Category:Laser science]]

Revision as of 04:54, 26 October 2013

In laser science, laser beam quality defines aspects of the beam illumination pattern and the merits of a particular laser beam's propagation and transformation properties (space-bandwidth criterion). By observing and recording the beam pattern, for example, one can infer the spatial mode properties of the beam and whether or not the beam is being clipped by an obstruction; By focusing the laser beam with a lens and measuring the minimum spot size, the number of times diffraction limit or focusing quality can be computed.

Anthony E. Siegman was the first to propose the formalism for a laser beam quality factor that could be measured and used to compare different beams, independent of wavelength.[1] The factor is called M2, and it is closely related to the beam parameter product. While the M2 factor does not give detail on the spatial characteristics of the beam, it does indicate how close it is to being a fundamental-mode Gaussian beam. It also determines the smallest spot size for the beam, as well as the beam divergence. M2 can also give an indication of beam distortions due to, for example, power-induced thermal lensing in the laser gain medium, since it will increase.

There are some limitations to the M2 parameter as a simple quality metric. It can be difficult to measure accurately, and factors such as background noise can create large errors in M2.[2] Beams with power well out in the "tails" of the distribution have M2 much larger than one would expect. In theory, an idealized tophat laser beam has infinite M2, although this is not true of any physically realizable tophat beam. For a pure Bessel beam, one cannot even compute M2.[3]

The definition of "quality" also depends on the application. While a high-quality single-mode Gaussian beam (M2 close to unity) is optimum for many applications, for other applications a uniform multimode tophat beam intensity distribution is required. An example is laser surgery.[4]

Power-in-the-bucket and Strehl ratio are two other attempts to define beam quality. Both these methods use a Laser beam profiler to measure how much power is delivered to a given area. There is also no simple conversion between M2, power-in-the-bucket, and Strehl ratio.

M2 definitions

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M2 definition

The equation for the divergence, of a pure Gaussian TEM00 unfocused beam propagating through space is given by

Θ00=4λπD00, (1)

where D00 is the diameter of the beam waist, and λ is the wavelength. Higher mode beams often start with a larger beam waist, D0, and/or have a faster divergence Θ0. In this case Equation (1) becomes

Θ0=M24λπD0, (2)

where Θ0 and D0 are the divergence and waist of a higher mode beam and M2 is greater than 1 and is named the "Beam Propagation Ratio" per the ISO 11146 standard. When a Gaussian laser beam is focused, the focused spot diameter is defined by

d00=4λfπD00, (3)

where d00 is the ideal focused spot diameter, f is the focal length of the focusing lens, and D00 is the input beam waist and is placed one focal length from the lens as shown in the figure. However, when a multimode beam is focused, Equation (3) becomes

d0=M24λfπD0. (4)

M2 measurement

M2 cannot be determined from a single beam profile measurement. The ISO/DIS 11146 define that M2 should be calculated from a series of measurements as shown in the figure below.[5] M2 is measured on real beams by focusing the beam with a fixed position lens of known focal length, and then measuring the characteristics of the beam waist and divergence. These measurements can be taken with a laser beam profiler.

Measurement positions for obtaining M2

The multiple measurements ensure that the minimum beam diameter is found and enable a "curve fit" that improves the accuracy of the calculation by minimizing measurement error.

References

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  1. ↑ Template:Cite paper
  2. ↑ Template:Cite web Tutorial presentation at the Optical Society of America Annual Meeting, Long Beach, California
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  5. ↑ ISO 11146:2005(E), "Lasers and laser-related equipment — Test methods for laser beam widths, divergence angles and beam propagation ratios".
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