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| {{About|the graphical symbol|the symbolic or metaphorical use of the word|Heart (symbolism)|other uses|Heart (disambiguation)}}
| | Emilia Shryock is my title but you can call me anything you like. Years ago we moved to North Dakota and I adore every day living right here. Doing ceramics is what my family members and I appreciate. My working day occupation is a meter reader.<br><br>my webpage - at home std test ([http://www.videokeren.com/blog/14593 Visit Home Page]) |
| {{multiple image
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| | footer =
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| | image1 = Heart corazón.svg
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| | width1 = 169
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| | caption1 = Conventional heart symbol
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| | image2 = ArrowHeart.svg
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| | width2 = 192
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| | caption2 = A heart symbol pierced with an arrow, symbolizing [[romantic love]] (being [[lovestruck]], or the pain of [[lovesickness]])
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| | image3 = Sagrado Corazon mueble heraldico.svg
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| | width3 = 135
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| | caption3 = A typical depiction of the [[Sacred Heart]] (often shown with other attributes, e.g. surmounted by a cross, pierced by nails or swords, etc.)
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| }}
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| The ''heart symbol'' or "heart shape" (<span style="color:#FF4433;">♥</span>) is an [[ideograph]] used to express the idea of the "heart" in its [[heart (metaphor)|metaphorical]] or [[symbol]]ic sense as the center of [[human emotion|emotion]], including [[affection]] and [[love]], especially (but not exclusively) [[romantic love]].
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| The "wounded heart" indicating [[love sickness]] came to be depicted as a '''heart''' symbol pierced with an arrow ([[Cupid]]'s), or heart symbol "broken" in two or more pieces.
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| The use of the heart symbol as a [[logograph]] for the English verb "to love" derives from the use in "[[I ♥ NY]]", introduced in 1977.<ref>reference to parodistic use: ''Mother Jones Magazine'' May 1987, [http://books.google.ch/books?id=recDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT54#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 53].
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| </ref>
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| ==Origin==
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| [[File:Roman de la poire heart metaphor.jpg|thumb|The earliest known visual depiction of a lover handing his heart to the beloved lady, in a manuscript of the ''[[Roman de la poire]]'', mid-13th century.]]
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| [[File:Pisano Charity.jpg|thumb|[[Andrea Pisano]]'s ''[[Florence Baptistery#Andrea Pisano|Charity]]'' (c. 1337), holding a heart in her right hand.]]
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| The combination of the "heart shape" and its use within the "heart" metaphor developed at the end of the [[Middle Ages]].
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| With possible early examples or direct predecessors in the 13th to 14th century, the familiar symbol of the heart representing love developed in the 15th century, and became widely popular in the 16th.<ref>Kemp (2011), 96-99.</ref>
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| Before the 14th century, the "heart shape" was not associated with the meaning of the "heart" metaphor. The geometric shape itself is found in much earlier sources, but in such instances does not depict a "heart", but typically foliage, in examples from antiquity [[Common fig|fig]] leaves, and in medieval iconography and heraldry typically the leaves of ivy and of the water-lily.
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| The first known depiction of a heart as a symbol of romantic love dates to the 1250s. It occurs in a miniature decorating a capital S in a manuscript of the French ''[[Roman de la poire]]'' (National Library FR MS. 2086, plate 12). In the miniature, a kneeling lover (or more precisely, an allegory of the lover's "sweet gaze" or ''douz regart'') offers his heart to a damsel.
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| The heart here resembles a pine-cone (held "upside-down", the point facing upward), in accord with medieval anatomical descriptions.<ref name="Vinken 2001">Vinken (2001).</ref>
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| [[Giotto]] in his 1305 painting in the [[Scrovegni Chapel]] ([[Padua]]) shows an [[Charity (virtue)|allegory of charity]] handing her heart to Christ, and this heart is depicted in the pine-cone shape based on anatomical descriptions (still held "upside-down"). <!-- [[File:Giotto - Scrovegni - -45- - Charity.jpg]] -->
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| Giotto's painting exerted considerable influence on later painters, and the motive of Caritas offering a heart is shown by [[Taddeo Gaddi]] in Santa Croce, by [[Andrea Pisano]] on the bronze door of the south porch of the Baptisterium in Florence (c. 1337), by [[Ambrogio Lorenzetti]] in the Palazzo Publico in Sienna (c. 1340) and by [[Andrea da Firenze]] in Santa Maria Novella in Florence (c. 1365). The convention of showing the heart point-upward switches in the late 14th century and becomes rare in the first half of the 15th century.<ref name="Vinken 2001"/>
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| <!--speculation
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| [[File:Codex Manesse 314v Günther von dem Vorste.jpg|thumb|Depiction of [[minnesinger]] Günther von dem Vorste in [[Codex Manesse]] (fol. 314v). Günther's arms are charged with three ivy leaves, and he is shown sitting beneath such foliage with his beloved lady. Cf. also foll. [[:File:Meister der Manessischen Liederhandschrift 001.jpg|82v]], [[:File:Codex Manesse 308v Steinmar.jpg|308v]].]]
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| The association of the heart shape with the heart metaphor seems to gradually develop during 14th century, at first showing a simplified drawing of the anatomical heart, with the [[aorta]] leaving the two chambers at the top, but this element is hidden in depictions of the Sacred Heart which show the heart burning or emanating rays (later also interpreted as a "crowned" heart), so that the aorta could not be shown. This was possibly conflated with standard depiction of foliage, the leaves of either ivy or water-lilies in heraldry and in the literature on [[courtly love]].{{dubious|date=March 2013}}
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| -->
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| The "scalloped" shape of the now-familiar heart symbol, with a dent in its base, first arises in the early 14th century, at first only lightly dented, as in the miniatures in Francesco Barberino's ''Documenti d'amore '' (before 1320); a slightly later example with a more pronounced dent is found in a manuscript from the Cistercian monastery in Brussels (MS 4459–70, fol 192v. Royal Library of Belgium). The convention of showing a dent at the base of the heart thus spread at about the same time as the convention of showing the heart with its point downward.<ref>Vinken (2001): "The change from the spherical to the scalloped form of the heart base happened more or less in train with the differing way in which the heart was held, and has dominated visual representations of the heart ever since."</ref> The modern indented red heart has been used on [[playing cards]] since the late 15th century.<ref>A Breef History of Playing Cardes, by Charles Knutson, Renaissance Magazine 2001 [http://www.renaissancemagazine.com/backissues/game.html]</ref>
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| Various hypotheses attempted to connect the "heart shape" as it evolved in the late medieval period with instances of the geometric shape in antiquity.<ref name="mcdonell">[http://www.slate.com/id/2159800/?GT1=9129 The Shape of My Heart: Where did the ubiquitous Valentine's symbol come from?] by Keelin McDonell, [[Slate (magazine)|Slate.com]], Tuesday, Feb. 13, 2007.</ref>
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| Such theories are modern, proposed from the 1960s onward, and they remain speculative, as no continuity between the supposed ancient predecessors and the late medieval tradition can be shown. Specific suggestions include: the shape of the seed of the [[silphium]] plant, used in ancient times as an [[herbal contraceptive]],<ref name="mcdonell" /><ref>[http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/sowing-the-seeds-of-love/2006/02/11/1139542445573.html Sowing the seeds of love], The Age, by Luke Benedictus, February 12, 2006; use as contraceptive: [[Pliny the Elder]], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Plin.+Nat.+22.49 XXII, Ch. 49]</ref> and stylized depictions of features of the human female body, such as the female's [[buttocks]], [[mons pubis|pubic mound]], or spread [[vulva]].<ref>proposed by [[Gloria Steinem]] in the 1998 introduction to the ''[[Vagina Monologues]]'' [http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/random043/97029393.htm online copy]; "For example, the shape we call a heart—whose symmetry resembles the vulva far more than the asymmetry of the organ that shares its name—is probably a residual female genital symbol. It was reduced from power to romance by centuries of male dominance.", based on an earlier suggestion by Tanzer (1969) that the shape was used as a symbol indicating brothels in ancient Pompeii). Tanzer (1969). ''The Common People of Pompeii. A study of the graffiti. With illustrations and a map ''</ref>
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| ==History of use==
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| ===Renaissance and Early Modern===
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| Hearts can be seen on the bible Jesus holds in the [[Zoe Porphyrogenita|Empress Zoe]] mosaic in the [[Hagia Sophia]] in Istanbul. It probably dates from 1239.
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| [[File:Empress Zoe mosaic Hagia Sophia.jpg|thumbnail|haggia sophia empress zoe mosaic, 1239]]
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| The [[Luther rose]] was the [[seal (device)|seal]] that was designed for [[Martin Luther]] at the behest of Prince [[John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony|John Frederick]], in 1530, while Luther was staying at the [[Coburg]] Fortress during the [[Diet of Augsburg]]. Luther wrote gave an explanation of the symbol to [[Lazarus Spengler]]: "a black cross in a heart, which retains its natural color, so that I myself would be reminded that faith in the Crucified saves us. 'For one who believes from the heart will be justified' (Romans 10:10)."<ref>[http://www.gamesmuseum.uwaterloo.ca/VirtualExhibits/Playing%20Cards/decks/france/index.html gamesmuseum.uwaterloo.ca], [http://i-p-c-s.org/faq/history_6.php i-p-c-s.org] [http://www.antiquemapsandprints.com/p-11469.jpg] [http://www.antiquemapsandprints.com/a-history-of-wood-engraving.htm antiquemapsandprints.com], obviously more research is needed here. {{verify credibility|date=March 2013}}</ref>
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| The [[aorta]] remains visible, as a protrusion at the top centered between the two "chambers" indicated in the symbol, in some depictions of the Sacred Heart well into the 18th century, and is partly still shown today (although mostly obscured by elements such as a crown, flames, rays, or a cross) but the "hearts" suit did not have this element since the 15th century.
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| The heart symbol reached Japan with the [[Nanban trade]] of 1543 to 1614, as evidenced by an [[Edo period]] [[Samurai armor|Samurai]] helmet (dated c. 1630), which includes both the rounded and indented forms of the heart symbol, representing the heart of [[Marici (Buddhism)|Marishiten]], goddess of archers.<ref>Samurai helmet representing the flaming jewel, by Unkai Mitsuhisa ca 1630, Ann and Gabriel Barbier-Mueller Collection, exhibited at Boston Fine Arts Museum, April–August 2013.</ref>
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| <gallery>
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| File:CordierColor.jpg|The chanson ''Belle, Bonne, Sage'' by [[Baude Cordier]], written in the shape of a heart, in the [[Chantilly Codex]]. This is one of two dedicatory pieces placed<!--presumably in the mid 15th century -- would still be our earliest example of a "romantic" heart shape--> at the beginning of the older (late 14th century) corpus, probably to replace the original first fascicle, which is missing.
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| File:Sacré-Coeur Köln.jpg|Early depiction of the Heart of Jesus in the context of the [[Five Wounds]] (the wounded heart here depicting Christ's wound inflicted by the [[Lance of Longinus]]) in a 15th-century manuscript (Cologne Mn Kn 28-1181 fol. 116)
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| File:Waldburg-Gebetbuch 023 detail.jpg|1486 depiction of the Five Wounds
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| File:Petit Livre dAmour 6r.jpg|Miniature from the ''[[Petit Livre d'Amour]]'' (c. 1500), showing the author Pierre Sala depositing his heart in a marguerite flower (symbolizing his mistress, who was called Marguerite). Also worth mentioning is the miniature on [http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Viewer.aspx?ref=stowe_ms_955_f013r fol. 13r], showing two women catching winged hearts in a net.
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| File:Fotothek df tg 0004102 Wappen ^ Siegel ^ Lutherwappen ^ Lutherrose ^ Reformation.jpg|The [[Luther rose]], 1706 print after the 1530 design.
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| File:1545GermanCardDeck.jpg|Hearts suit in a 1540s German deck of playing cards
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| File:Hjertebogen.jpg|The Danish "[[Heart Book]]", a heart-shaped manuscript of love ballads from the 1550s.
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| File:Champaigne, Philippe de - Saint Augustin - 1645-1650.jpg|[[Saint Augustine]] holding a heart in his hand which is set alight by a ray emanating from divine Truth (''Veritas''), painting by [[Philippe de Champaigne]], ca. 1650.
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| File:Robert la Longe - Ranjeno srce Jezusovo.jpg|Allegorical painting of the [[Sacred Heart of Jesus]]. The central heart radiates hearts gathered up by [[Putto|Putti]]. By Robert la Longe, ca. 1705.
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| File:Bleiernes Herz Christoph-Otto von Velen.jpg|Leaden heart of [[Raesfeld]] chapel (funerary casket containing the heart of Christoph Otto von Velen, d. 1733)
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| File:Mus%C3%A9e_Boyadjian_MRAH_20_11_2011_Sacr%C3%A9_Coeur_M_Alacoque.jpg|18th-century depiction of the Sacred Heart from the vision of [[Marguerite Marie Alacoque]] (d. 1690). The heart is both "heart shaped" and drawn anatomically correct, with both the [[aorta]] and the [[pulmonary artery]] visible, with the crucifix placed inside the aorta.
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| File:Sacred Heart 1770.jpg|Another anatomically correct Sacred Heart, painted in c. 1770 by José de Páez.
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| </gallery>
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| ===Modern===
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| Since the 19th century, the symbol has often been used on [[St. Valentine's Day]] [[greeting card|cards]], [[candy]] boxes, and similar [[popular culture]] artifacts as a symbol of [[romantic love]].
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| The use of the heart symbol as a [[logograph]] for the English verb "to love" derives from the use in "[[I ♥ NY]]", introduced in 1977.<ref>
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| "Subsequently the heart symbol became a shorthand for enthusiasm for everything form software to Yorkshire terriers. It was a stamp that validated lifestyles. People could ♥ their grandchildren or line dancing or Buddha."
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| Stephen Amidon, Thomas Amidon, ''The Sublime Engine: A Biography of the Human Heart'' (2011), p. 193.
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| </ref>
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| Heart symbols were used to symbolize [[Health (gaming)|"health" or "lives"]] in [[video games]]; influentially so in ''[[The Legend of Zelda]]'' (1986). ''[[Super Mario Bros. 2]]'' (1985) did have a "life bar" composed of hexagons, but in 1990s remakes of this games, the
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| hexagons were replaced by heart shapes.
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| Since the 1990s, the heart symbol has also been used as an ideogram indicating "health" outside of the video gaming context, e.g. used by restaurants to indicate "heart-healthy" nutrient content claim (e.g. "low in [[cholesterol]]").
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| A copyrighted "heart-check" symbol to indicate healthy food was introduced by the [[American Heart Association]] in 1995.<ref>"the heart-check mark that began to appear on a wide array of food packaging in 1995. The symbol consists of a heart branded with a bold, efficient check mark. It is copyrighted by the American Heart Association (AHA) which licences it for a nominal fee to companies whose products meet the organization's criteria for saturated fat and cholesterol content." Stephen Amidon, Thomas Amidon, ''The Sublime Engine: A Biography of the Human Heart'' (2011), p. 193.</ref>
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| <gallery>
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| File:A Map of Womans Heart.jpg|A heart-shaped "Map of Woman's Heart" (1830s)
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| File:Victorian Valentine GT Little.jpg| Two burning hearts, coloured pink, illustration on a Victorian-era [[Valentine's Day]] card.
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| File:Wounded Heart Vinegar Valentine 1870s.jpg|A "[[Vinegar Valentine]]" card from the 1870s, with a red heart symbol pierced by six arrows.
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| File:BigPinkHeart.jpg|The traditional "heart shape" appears on a 1910 Valentine's Day card.
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| File:Look in His Eyes cover.jpg|Sheet music cover of "Look in His Eyes", from the musical ''Have a Heart'' (1913).
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| </gallery>
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| ==Heraldry==
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| :''"heart field" or "heart shield" are terms for an [[inescutcheon]] placed ''en surtout''.''
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| The earliest "heart-shaped" charges in heraldry appear in the 12th century; the hearts in the [[coat of arms of Denmark]] go back to the royal banner of the kings of Denmark, in turn based on a seal used as early as the 1190s. However, while the charges are clearly "heart-shaped", they did not in origin depict hearts, or symbolize any idea related to "love". Instead, they are assumed to have depicted the leaves of the [[Nuphar|water-lily]]. Early heraldic "heart-shaped" charges depicting the leaves of waterlilies are found in various other designs related to territories close to rivers or a coastline (c.f. [[Flags of Frisia]]).
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| Inverted heart symbols have been used in heraldry as stylized [[testicle]]s (''coglioni'' in Italian) as in the [[canting arms]] of the [[Colleoni]] family of Milan.<ref name="Woodward">Woodward, John and George Burnett (1969). ''Woodward's a treatise on heraldry, British and foreign'', [http://www.archive.org/stream/treatiseonherald00wooduoft#page/202/mode/2up page 203]. Originally published 1892, Edinburgh: W. & A. B. Johnson. ISBN 0-7153-4464-1. {{LCCN|02020303}}</ref>
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| A seal attributed to [[William Douglas, 1st Earl of Douglas]] (created 1358) shows a heart shape, identified as the heart of [[Robert the Bruce]]. The authenticity of this seal is "very questionable",<ref>McAndrew, ''Scotland's Historic Heraldry'', 2006, [http://books.google.ch/books?id=QFkI3G31HTMC&pg=PA141 p. 141]</ref> i.e. it could possibly date to the late 14th or the 15th century.<ref>McAndrew 2006, p. 213.</ref>
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| Heraldic charges actually representing hearts become more common in the early modern period, with the [[Sacred Heart]] depicted in [[ecclesiastical heraldry]], and hearts representing love in bourgeois coats of arms. Hearts later also become popular elements in municipal coats of arms.
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| <gallery>
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| File:Royal Banner of Denmark (14th Century).svg| Royal Banner of the Kings of Denmark (12th or 13th century).
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| File:COA family de Fürsten von Lüneburg.svg|Coat of arms of the [[Principality of Lüneburg]], originating with [[William of Winchester, Lord of Lüneburg]] (d. 1213) who married [[Helena of Denmark|Helena]], daughter of [[Valdemar I of Denmark]], and therefore adopted the "Danish tincture" to the arms of his father, [[Henry the Lion]].<ref>C. Weyers in: Stengel (ed.), ''Archiv für Diplomatik: Schriftgeschichte, Siegel, und Wappenkunde'', Volume 54, 2008, [http://books.google.ch/books?id=jNPEDfce9fgC&pg=PA100 p. 100].</ref>
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| File:Waldemar4Denmark.JPG|14th-century fresco showing [[Valdemar IV of Denmark]]. Here the Danish coat of arms is shown without the water-lily leaves ("hearts"), but they are shown on the king's surcoat and on the crest drawn above his shield.
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| <!--other heart-shaped waterlily leaves: File:Ingeram Codex 228.jpg Ingeram armorial, 1459-->
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| File:Douglas Arms 2.svg|Arms of the [[Earl of Douglas]] (created 1358, forfeited 1455), possibly [[attributed arms]] invented in the late 14th or early 15th century for inclusion in the quartered arms of cadet branches.
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| File:Meersburg Friedhof Muschler Anna Maria.jpg| A tomb dated 1693 from southern Germany (Lake Constance region) showing a heart with two arrows as part of the deceased woman's coat of arms
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| File:Глинск 1782 из Винклера.jpg|Coat of arms of the city of Glinsk, [[Poltava Governorate]] (now [[Sumy Oblast]], Ukraine) in the [[Russian Empire]] (1782)
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| File:POL COA Kemlada.svg|A heart in a Polish coat of arms, dated to ca. 1750.
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| File:POL COA Przyjaciel.svg|A heart pierced with an arrow in a Polish coat of arms (recorded 1897)
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| File:Biskup Ljavinec Ivan CoA.jpg|The Sacred Heart in the episcopal coat of arms of [[Ivan Ljavinec]], Apostolic Exarch of the Apostolic Exarchate in the Czech Republic from 1996 to 2003.
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| </gallery>
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| ==Encoding==
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| {{special characters}}
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| A common [[emoticon]] for the heart is <3. In [[Unicode]] several heart symbols are available:
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
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| |-
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| ! Glyph
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| ! Description
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| ! [[HTML]] code
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| ! [[Alt code]]s
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| |-
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| | {{Unicode|♡}}
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| | U+2661 WHITE HEART SUIT
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| | <code>&#x2661;</code> or <code>&#9825;</code>
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| |-
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| | ♥
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| | U+2665 BLACK [[Hearts (suit)|HEART SUIT]]
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| | <code>&#x2665;</code> or <code>&#9829;</code> or <code>&hearts;</code>
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| |Alt + 3
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| |-
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| | {{Unicode|❤}}
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| | U+2764 HEAVY BLACK HEART
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| | <code>&#x2764;</code>
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| |-
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| | {{Unicode|❥}}
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| | U+2765 ROTATED HEAVY BLACK HEART BULLET
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| | <code>&#x2765;</code>
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| |-
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| | {{Unicode|❣}}
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| | U+2763 HEAVY HEART EXCLAMATION MARK ORNAMENT
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| | <code>&#x2763;</code>
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| |}
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| And from the [[Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs]] range associated with [[emoji]]:
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
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| |-
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| ! Glyph
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| ! Description
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| ! [[HTML]] code
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| ! [[Alt code]]s
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| |-
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| | {{Unicode|💑}}
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| | U+1F491 COUPLE WITH HEART
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| | <code>&#x1f491;</code>
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| |-
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| | {{Unicode|💓}}
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| | U+1F493 BEATING HEART
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| | <code>&#x1f493;</code>
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| |-
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| | {{Unicode|💔}}
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| | U+1F494 BROKEN HEART
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| | <code>&#x1f494;</code>
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| |-
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| | {{Unicode|💕}}
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| | U+1F495 TWO HEARTS
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| | <code>&#x1f495;</code>
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| |-
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| | {{Unicode|💖}}
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| | U+1F496 SPARKLING HEART
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| | <code>&#x1f496;</code>
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| |-
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| | {{Unicode|💗}}
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| | U+1F497 GROWING HEART
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| | <code>&#x1f497;</code>
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| |-
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| | {{Unicode|💘}}
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| | U+1F498 HEART WITH ARROW
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| | <code>&#x1f498;</code>
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| |-
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| | {{Unicode|💙}}
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| | U+1F499 BLUE HEART
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| | <code>&#x1f499;</code>
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| |-
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| | {{Unicode|💚}}
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| | U+1F49A GREEN HEART
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| | <code>&#x1f49a;</code>
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| |-
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| | {{Unicode|💛}}
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| | U+1F49B YELLOW HEART
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| | <code>&#x1f49b;</code>
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| |-
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| | {{Unicode|💜}}
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| | U+1F49C PURPLE HEART
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| | <code>&#x1f49c;</code>
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| |}
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| In [[Code page 437]], the original character set of the IBM PC, the value of 3 (hexadecimal 03) represents the heart symbol. This value is shared with the non-printing [[End-of-text character|ETX]] control character, which overrides the glyph in many contexts.
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| The Unicode character of the letter ''ghan'' of the [[Georgian alphabet]] ([[wikt:ღ|ღ]]) has seen some use as a surrogate "heart symbol" in online communication.{{according to whom|date=November 2013}}{{year needed|date=November 2013}}
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| ==Parametrisation==
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| A number of [[parametrisation]]s of approximately heart-shaped [[mathematical curve|curves]] have been described.
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| The best-known of these is the [[cardioid]], which is an [[epicycloid]] with one [[Cusp (singularity)|cusp]].<ref>[[Eric W. Weisstein|Weisstein, Eric W.]], "[http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Cardioid.html Cardioid]" from [[MathWorld]].</ref> Other curves, such as the [[Level set|implicit curve]] (x<sup>2</sup>+y<sup>2</sup>−1)<sup>3</sup>−x<sup>2</sup>y<sup>3</sup>=0, may produce better approximations of the heart shape.<ref>[[Eric W. Weisstein]], [http://mathworld.wolfram.com/HeartCurve.html "Heart Curve."] From [[MathWorld]]</ref>
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| {{Multiple image|align=left
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| |image1=Cardioid animation.gif
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| |width1=250
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| |caption1=A cardioid generated by a rolling circle<br/>(animated)
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| |image2=Heart plot.svg
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| |width2=335
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| |caption2=Implicit heart curve<br/>(x<sup>2</sup> + y<sup>2</sup> − 1)<sup>3</sup> − x<sup>2</sup>y<sup>3</sup> = 0
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| |image3=GJL-fft-herz.svg
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| |width3=281
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| |caption3=Parametric plot of the curve<br/><br/><math>\textstyle\binom{16\sin^{\scriptscriptstyle 3}t}{13\cos{}t-5\cos2t-2\cos3t-\cos4t}</math>
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| }}
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| {{Multiple image|align=left
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| |image1=Heart3D.png
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| |width1=400
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| |caption1=Implicit heart surface
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| }}
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| {{clear}}
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| == See also ==
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| * [[Cordata (disambiguation)|Cordata]], [[Cordatum]] and [[Cordatus (disambiguation)|Cordatus]], Latin adjectives meaning ''heart-shaped''
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| == References ==
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| {{Reflist|30em}}
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| *Martin Kemp, "The Heart" in ''Christ to Coke: How Image Becomes Icon'', Oxford University Press, 2011, [http://books.google.ch/books?id=tLCNfSPzO-8C&pg=PA81#v=onepage&q&f=false 81-113].
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| * {{citation | year=2000 | title=The Shape of the Heart: A Contribution to the Iconology of the Heart | author1=P. J. Vinken | edition=illustrated | publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences | isbn=978-0-444-82987-0 }}
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| * {{citation | title=How the heart was held in medieval art | year=2001 | author=Vinken, P | journal=The Lancet | volume=358 | issue=9299 | pages=2155–2157 | pmid=11784647 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(01)07224-5 }}
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| ==External links==
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| {{Wikiquote|Heart}}
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| {{Commons category|Heart symbols}}
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| *[http://www.heartsymbol.com/ The Heart Symbol - Origin, History And Significance] (essay by cardiologist Armin Dietz)
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| *[http://www.freetattoodesigns.org/heart-tattoos.html#meaning Heart Tattoo Art] (freetattoodesigns.org)
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Heart}}
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| [[Category:Romance]]
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| [[Category:Symbols]]
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| [[Category:Heraldic charges]]
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