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{{Thermodynamics|cTopic=[[List of thermodynamic properties|System properties]]}}
In [[thermodynamics]], a '''state function''', '''function of state''', '''state quantity''', or '''state variable''' is a [[physical quantity|property]] of a system that depends only on the current [[Thermodynamic state|state of the system]], not on the way in which the system acquired that state (independent of path). A state function describes the [[equilibrium state]] of a [[system]]. For example, [[internal energy]], [[enthalpy]], and [[entropy]] are ''state quantities'' because they describe quantitatively an equilibrium state of a [[System (thermodynamics)|thermodynamic system]], irrespective of how the system arrived in that state. In contrast, [[mechanical work]] and [[heat]] are [[process function|process quantities]] because their values depend on the specific ''transition'' (or path) between two equilibrium states.
 
The opposite of a state function is a [[path function]].
 
==History==
It is likely that the term “functions of state” was used in a loose sense during the 1850s and 60s by those such as [[Rudolf Clausius]], [[William John Macquorn Rankine|William Rankine]], [[Peter Guthrie Tait|Peter Tait]], [[William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin|William Thomson]], and it is clear that by the 1870s the term had acquired a use of its own.  In 1873, for example, [[Willard Gibbs]], in his paper “Graphical Methods in the Thermodynamics of Fluids”, states: “The quantities V, B, T, U, and S are determined when the state of the body is given, and it may be permitted to call them ''functions of the state of the body''.”
 
==Overview==
A thermodynamic system is described by a number of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. [[temperature]], [[Volume (thermodynamics)|volume]], [[pressure]]) which are not necessarily independent. The number of parameters needed to describe the system is the dimension of the [[state space]] of the system (<math>D</math>). For example, a [[monatomic gas]] with a fixed number of particles is a simple case of a two-dimensional system (<math>D=2</math>). In this example, any system is uniquely specified by two parameters, such as pressure and volume, or perhaps pressure and temperature. These choices are equivalent. They are simply different coordinate systems in the two-dimensional thermodynamic state space. An analogous statement holds for higher dimensional spaces, as described by the [[state postulate]].
 
When a system changes state continuously, it traces out a "path" in the state space. The path can be specified by noting the values of the state parameters as the system traces out the path, perhaps as a function of time, or some other external variable. For example, we might have the pressure <math>P(t)</math> and the volume <math>V(t)</math> as functions of time from time <math>t_0</math> to <math>t_1</math>. This will specify a path in our two dimensional state space example. We can now form all sorts of functions of time which we may integrate over the path. For example if we wish to calculate the [[work (physics)|work]] done by the system from time <math>t_0</math> to time <math>t_1</math> we calculate
 
:<math>W(t_0,t_1)=\int_{\mathtt{state}_0}^{\mathtt{state}_1}P\,dV=\int_{t_0}^{t_1}P(t)\frac{dV(t)}{dt}\,dt.</math>
 
It is clear that in order to calculate the work W in the above integral, we will have to know the functions <math>P(t)</math> and <math>V(t)</math> at each time <math>t</math>, over the entire path. A '''state function''' is a function of the parameters of the system which only depends upon the parameters' values at the endpoints of the path. For example, suppose we wish to calculate the work plus the integral of <math>VdP</math> over the path. We would have:
 
:<math>\Phi(t_0,t_1)=
\int_{t_0}^{t_1}P\frac{dV}{dt}\,dt
+\int_{t_0}^{t_1}V\frac{dP}{dt}\,dt
=\int_{t_0}^{t_1}\frac{d(PV)}{dt}\,dt=P(t_1)V(t_1)-P(t_0)V(t_0).
</math>
 
It can be seen that the integrand can be expressed as the [[exact differential]] of the function <math>P(t)V(t)</math> and that therefore, the integral can be expressed as the difference in the value of <math>P(t)V(t)</math> at the end points of the integration. The product <math>PV</math> is therefore a '''state function''' of the system.
 
By way of notation, we will specify the use of ''d'' to denote an exact differential. In other words, the integral of <math>d\Phi</math> will be equal to <math>\Phi(t_1)-\Phi(t_0)</math>. The symbol ''δ'' will be reserved for an inexact differential, which cannot be integrated without full knowledge of the path. For example <math>\delta W=PdV</math> will be used to denote an infinitesimal increment of work.
 
It is best to think of state functions as quantities or properties of a thermodynamic system, while non-state functions represent a process during which the state functions change. For example, the state function <math>PV</math> is proportional to the internal energy of an ideal gas, but the work <math>W</math> is the amount of energy transferred as the system performs work. Internal energy is identifiable, it is a particular form of energy. Work is the amount of energy that has changed its form or location.
 
==List of state functions==
{{see also|List of thermodynamic properties}}
The following are considered to be state functions in [[thermodynamics]]:
 
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* [[Mass]]
* [[Energy]] (''E'')
** [[Enthalpy]] (''H'')
** [[Internal energy]] (''U'')
** [[Gibbs free energy]] (''G'')
** [[Helmholtz free energy]] (''F'')
** [[Exergy]] (''B'')
* [[Entropy]] (''S'')
{{col-break}}
* [[Pressure]] (''P'')
* [[Thermodynamic temperature|Temperature]] (''T'')
* [[Volume (thermodynamics)|Volume]] (''V'')
* [[Chemical composition]]
* [[Specific volume]] (''v'') or its reciprocal [[Density]] (''ρ'')
* [[Fugacity]]
* [[Altitude]]
* [[Particle number]] (''n''<sub>''i''</sub>)
{{col-end}}
 
==See also==
*[[Markov property]]
*[[Conservative vector field]]
*[[Nonholonomic System]]
 
*[[Equation of state]]
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:State Function}}
[[Category:Thermodynamics]]
[[Category:State functions]]

Latest revision as of 16:55, 1 May 2014

On top of the Clash of Clans hack tool; there might be also hack tools for the other games. People can check out those hacks and obtain hundreds of which they need. It is sure may will have lost among fun once they provide the hack tool that they can.

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If you have any issues pertaining to where and how to use Astuces Clash Of Clans, you can call us at our own web-site. Supercell has absolutely considerable and moreover explained the steps relating to Association Wars, the over appear passion in Battle of Clans. As your name recommends, a romantic relationship war is often one particular strategic battle amid a couple of clans. It takes abode over the coming of two canicule -- a alertness day plus a action day -- whilst offering the acceptable association having a ample boodle bonus; although, every association affiliate to who makes acknowledged attacks after a association war additionally to produce some benefit loot.

Furthermore question the extent which its a 'strategy'" game. A good moron without strategy in any respect will advance from gamers over time. So long as you sign in occasionally and after that be sure your personal 'builders'" are building something, your game power could increase. Thats almost there's going without training shoes. Individuals who happen to be the most effective each person in the game are, typically, those who can be actually playing a long, plus those who pay per click real cash to purchase extra builders. (Applying two builders, an further more one can possibly most likely will be obtained for 400 gems which cost $4.99 and the next one costs 1000 gems.) Because of four builders, you definitely advance amongst people nearly doubly as fast as a guy with two builders.

Watch for game of the a year versions of major titles. These often come out a christmas or maybe more at the original title, but form lots of the downloadable and extra content that has been released in stages subsequent the first title. Involving games offer a much bang for the buck.

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