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An '''attribute-value system''' is a basic [[knowledge representation]] framework comprising a table with '''columns''' designating "attributes" (also known as "properties", "predicates," "features," "dimensions," "characteristics" or "independent variables" depending on the context) and '''rows''' designating "objects" (also known as "entities," "instances," "exemplars," "elements" or "dependent variables"). Each table cell therefore designates the value (also known as "state") of a particular attribute of a particular object. | |||
== Example of attribute-value system== | |||
Below is a sample attribute-value system. It represents 10 objects (rows) and five features (columns). In this example, the table contains only integer values. In general, an attribute-value system may contain any kind of data, numeric or otherwise. An attribute-value system is distinguished from a simple "feature list" representation in that each feature in an attribute-value system may possess a range of values (e.g., feature <math>P_{1}</math> below, which has domain of {0,1,2}), rather than simply being ''present'' or ''absent'' {{Harv|Barsalou|Hale|1993}}. | |||
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:30%" border="1" | |||
|+ Sample Attribute-Value System | |||
! Object !! <math>P_{1}</math> !! <math>P_{2}</math> !! <math>P_{3}</math> !! <math>P_{4}</math> !! <math>P_{5}</math> | |||
|- | |||
! <math>O_{1}</math> | |||
| 1 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 1 | |||
|- | |||
! <math>O_{2}</math> | |||
| 1 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 1 | |||
|- | |||
! <math>O_{3}</math> | |||
| 2 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0 | |||
|- | |||
! <math>O_{4}</math> | |||
| 0 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 1 | |||
|- | |||
! <math>O_{5}</math> | |||
| 2 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 1 | |||
|- | |||
! <math>O_{6}</math> | |||
| 0 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 2 | |||
|- | |||
! <math>O_{7}</math> | |||
| 2 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0 | |||
|- | |||
! <math>O_{8}</math> | |||
| 0 || 1 || 2 || 2 || 1 | |||
|- | |||
! <math>O_{9}</math> | |||
| 2 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 2 | |||
|- | |||
! <math>O_{10}</math> | |||
| 2 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0 | |||
|} | |||
== Other terms used for "attribute-value system"== | |||
Attribute-value systems are pervasive throughout many different literatures, and have been discussed under many different names: | |||
*''Flat data'' | |||
*''[[Spreadsheet]]'' | |||
*''Attribute-value system'' (Ziarko & Shan 1996) | |||
*''Information system'' ([[Zdzislaw Pawlak|Pawlak]] 1981) | |||
*''Classification system'' (Ziarko 1998) | |||
*''Knowledge representation system'' (Wong & Ziarko 1986) | |||
*''Information table'' (Yao & Yao 2002) | |||
*''Object-predicate table'' (Watanabe 1985) | |||
*''Aristotelian table'' (Watanabe 1985) | |||
*''Simple frames'' {{Harv|Barsalou|Hale|1993}} | |||
*''[[First normal form]]'' database | |||
==See also== | |||
*[[Bayes networks]] | |||
*[[Entity–attribute–value model]] | |||
*[[Joint distribution]] | |||
*[[Knowledge representation]] | |||
*[[wikibooks:Optimal Classification|Optimal classification]] | |||
*[[Rough set]] | |||
*[[Triplestore]] | |||
== References == | |||
* {{Cite book | |||
| last1=Barsalou | |||
| given1=Lawrence W. | |||
| surname2=Hale | |||
| given2=Christopher R. | |||
| year= 1993 | |||
| chapter=Components of conceptual representation: From feature lists to recursive frames | |||
| editor=Iven Van Mechelen, James Hampton, Ryszard S. Michalski, & Peter Theuns | |||
| title=Categories and Concepts: Theoretical Views and Inductive Data Analysis | |||
| pages=97–144 | |||
| edition= | |||
| publisher=Academic Press | |||
| place=London | |||
| url= | |||
| accessdate= | |||
| ref=harv | |||
| postscript=<!--None-->}} | |||
*{{cite book | |||
| last = Pawlak | |||
| first = Zdzisław | |||
| authorlink = Zdzislaw Pawlak | |||
| title = Rough sets: Theoretical Aspects of Reasoning about Data | |||
| publisher = Kluwer | |||
| year = 1991 | |||
| location = Dordrecht}} | |||
*{{cite journal | |||
| last = Ziarko | |||
| first = Wojciech | |||
| coauthors = Shan, Ning | |||
| title = A method for computing all maximally general rules in attribute-value systems | |||
| journal = Computational Intelligence | |||
| volume = 12 | |||
| issue = 2 | |||
| pages = 223–234 | |||
| year = 1996 | |||
| doi = 10.1111/j.1467-8640.1996.tb00260.x | |||
| ref = harv}} | |||
*{{cite journal | |||
| last = Pawlak | |||
| first = Zdzisław | |||
| coauthors = Shan, Ning | |||
| title = Information systems: Theoretical foundations | |||
| journal = Information Systems | |||
| volume = 6 | |||
| issue = 3 | |||
| pages = 205–218 | |||
| year = 1981 | |||
| doi = 10.1016/0306-4379(81)90023-5 | |||
| ref = harv}} | |||
*{{cite journal | |||
| last = Wong | |||
| first = S. K. M. | |||
| coauthors = Ziarko, Wojciech and Ye, R. Li | |||
| title = Comparison of rough-set and statistical methods in inductive learning | |||
| journal = International Journal of Man-Machine Studies | |||
| volume = 24 | |||
| pages = 53–72 | |||
| year = 1986 | |||
| ref = harv}} | |||
*{{cite conference | |||
| first = Yao | |||
| last = J. T. | |||
| coauthors = Yao, Y. Y. | |||
| title = Induction of classification rules by granular computing | |||
| booktitle = Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Rough Sets and Current Trends in Computing (TSCTC'02) | |||
| pages = 331–338 | |||
| publisher = Springer-Verlag | |||
| year = 2002 | |||
| location = London, UK}} | |||
*{{cite book | |||
| last = Watanabe | |||
| first = Satosi | |||
| title = Pattern Recognition: Human and Mechanical | |||
| publisher = John Wiley & Sons | |||
| year = 1985 | |||
| location = New York}} | |||
*{{cite conference | |||
| first = Wojciech | |||
| last = Ziarko | |||
| title = Rough sets as a methodology for data mining | |||
| booktitle = Rough Sets in Knowledge Discovery 1: Methodology and Applications | |||
| pages = 554–576 | |||
| editor = Polkowski, Lech and Skowron, Andrzej | |||
| publisher = Physica-Verlag | |||
| year = 1998 | |||
| location = Heidelberg}} | |||
[[Category:Knowledge representation]] | |||
[[Category:Specific models]] | |||
{{compu-AI-stub}} | |||
Revision as of 16:56, 16 January 2014
An attribute-value system is a basic knowledge representation framework comprising a table with columns designating "attributes" (also known as "properties", "predicates," "features," "dimensions," "characteristics" or "independent variables" depending on the context) and rows designating "objects" (also known as "entities," "instances," "exemplars," "elements" or "dependent variables"). Each table cell therefore designates the value (also known as "state") of a particular attribute of a particular object.
Example of attribute-value system
Below is a sample attribute-value system. It represents 10 objects (rows) and five features (columns). In this example, the table contains only integer values. In general, an attribute-value system may contain any kind of data, numeric or otherwise. An attribute-value system is distinguished from a simple "feature list" representation in that each feature in an attribute-value system may possess a range of values (e.g., feature below, which has domain of {0,1,2}), rather than simply being present or absent Template:Harv.
Sample Attribute-Value System Object 1 2 0 1 1 1 2 0 1 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 1 2 1 0 2 1 0 0 1 2 2 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 2 1 2 1 0 2 2 2 0 0 1 0
Other terms used for "attribute-value system"
Attribute-value systems are pervasive throughout many different literatures, and have been discussed under many different names:
- Flat data
- Spreadsheet
- Attribute-value system (Ziarko & Shan 1996)
- Information system (Pawlak 1981)
- Classification system (Ziarko 1998)
- Knowledge representation system (Wong & Ziarko 1986)
- Information table (Yao & Yao 2002)
- Object-predicate table (Watanabe 1985)
- Aristotelian table (Watanabe 1985)
- Simple frames Template:Harv
- First normal form database
See also
- Bayes networks
- Entity–attribute–value model
- Joint distribution
- Knowledge representation
- Optimal classification
- Rough set
- Triplestore
References
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- 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
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In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
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- One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
- One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
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- 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
- 55 years old Systems Administrator Antony from Clarence Creek, really loves learning, PC Software and aerobics. Likes to travel and was inspired after making a journey to Historic Ensemble of the Potala Palace.
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