Hypercomplex manifold

File:Ortho solid 011-uniform polychoron 53p-t0.png

The great grand 120-cell, one of ten Schläfli–Hess polychora by orthographic projection.

In four-dimensional geometry, Schläfli–Hess polychora are the complete set of 10 regular self-intersecting star polychora (four-dimensional polytopes). They are named in honor of their discoverers: Ludwig Schläfli and Edmund Hess. Each is represented by a Schläfli symbol {p,q,r} in which one of the numbers is 5/2. They are thus analogous to the regular nonconvex Kepler–Poinsot polyhedra.

Allowing for regular star polygons as cells and vertex figures, these 10 polychora add to the set of six regular convex 4-polytopes. All may be derived as stellations of the 120-cell {5,3,3} or the 600-cell {3,3,5}.

History

Four of them were found by Ludwig Schläfli while the other six were skipped because he would not allow forms that failed the Euler characteristic on cells or vertex figures (for zero-hole tori: F − E + V = 2). That excludes cells and vertex figures as {5,5/2}, and {5/2,5}.

Edmund Hess (1843–1903) published the complete list in his 1883 German book Einleitung in die Lehre von der Kugelteilung mit besonderer Berücksichtigung ihrer Anwendung auf die Theorie der Gleichflächigen und der gleicheckigen Polyeder.

Names

Their names given here were given by John Conway, extending Cayley's names for the Kepler–Poinsot polyhedra: along with stellated and great, he adds a grand modifier. Conway offered these operational definitions:

1. stellation – replaces edges by longer edges in same lines. (Example: a pentagon stellates into a pentagram)
2. greatening – replaces the faces by large ones in same planes. (Example: an icosahedron greatens into a great icosahedron)
3. aggrandizement – replaces the cells by large ones in same 3-spaces.

Symmetry

All ten polychora have [3,3,5] (H₄) hexacosichoric symmetry. They are generated from 6 related rational-order symmetry groups: [3,5,5/2], [5,5/2,5], [5,3,5/2], [5/2,5,5/2], [5,5/2,3], [3,3,5/2].

Each group has 2 regular star-polychora, except for two groups which are self-dual, having only one. So there are 4 dual-pairs and 2 self-dual forms among the ten regular star polychora.

Table of elements

Note:

• There are 2 unique vertex arrangements, matching those of the 120-cell and 600-cell.
• There are 4 unique edge arrangements, which are shown as wireframes orthographic projections.
• There are 7 unique face arrangements, shown as solids (face-colored) orthographic projections.

The cells (polyhedra), their faces (polygons), the polygonal edge figures and polyhedral vertex figures are identified by their Schläfli symbols.

Name (Bowers acronym)	Wireframe	Solid	Schläfli {p, q,r} Coxeter–Dynkin	Cells {p, q}	Faces {p}	Edges {r}	Vertices {q, r}	Density	χ	Dual {r, q,p}
Icosahedral 120-cell (or faceted 600-cell) (fix)	File:Schläfli-Hess polychoron-wireframe-3.png	File:Ortho solid 007-uniform polychoron 35p-t0.png	{3,5,5/2} Template:CDD	120 {3,5} File:Icosahedron.png	1200 {3} File:Triangle.Equilateral.svg	720 {5/2} File:Pentagram.svg	120 {5,5/2} File:Great dodecahedron.png	4	480	Small stellated 120-cell
Small stellated 120-cell (sishi)	File:Schläfli-Hess polychoron-wireframe-2.png	File:Ortho solid 010-uniform polychoron p53-t0.png	{5/2,5,3} Template:CDD	120 {5/2,5} File:Small stellated dodecahedron.png	720 {5/2} File:Pentagram.svg	1200 {3} File:Triangle.Equilateral.svg	120 {5,3} File:Dodecahedron.png	4	−480	Icosahedral 120-cell
Great 120-cell (gohi)	File:Schläfli-Hess polychoron-wireframe-3.png	File:Ortho solid 008-uniform polychoron 5p5-t0.png	{5,5/2,5} Template:CDD	120 {5,5/2} File:Great dodecahedron.png	720 {5} File:Pentagon.svg	720 {5} File:Pentagon.svg	120 {5/2,5} File:Small stellated dodecahedron.png	6	0	Self-dual
Grand 120-cell (gahi)	File:Schläfli-Hess polychoron-wireframe-3.png	File:Ortho solid 009-uniform polychoron 53p-t0.png	{5,3,5/2} Template:CDD	120 {5,3} File:Dodecahedron.png	720 {5} File:Pentagon.svg	720 {5/2} File:Pentagram.svg	120 {3,5/2} File:Great icosahedron.png	20	0	Great stellated 120-cell
Great stellated 120-cell (gishi)	File:Schläfli-Hess polychoron-wireframe-4.png	File:Ortho solid 012-uniform polychoron p35-t0.png	{5/2,3,5} Template:CDD	120 {5/2,3} File:Great stellated dodecahedron.png	720 {5/2} File:Pentagram.svg	720 {5} File:Pentagon.svg	120 {3,5} File:Icosahedron.png	20	0	Grand 120-cell
Grand stellated 120-cell (gashi)	File:Schläfli-Hess polychoron-wireframe-4.png	File:Ortho solid 013-uniform polychoron p5p-t0.png	{5/2,5,5/2} Template:CDD	120 {5/2,5} File:Small stellated dodecahedron.png	720 {5/2} File:Pentagram.svg	720 {5/2} File:Pentagram.svg	120 {5,5/2} File:Great dodecahedron.png	66	0	Self-dual
Great grand 120-cell (gaghi)	File:Schläfli-Hess polychoron-wireframe-2.png	File:Ortho solid 011-uniform polychoron 53p-t0.png	{5,5/2,3} Template:CDD	120 {5,5/2} File:Great dodecahedron.png	720 {5} File:Pentagon.svg	1200 {3} File:Triangle.Equilateral.svg	120 {5/2,3} File:Great stellated dodecahedron.png	76	−480	Great icosahedral 120-cell
Great icosahedral 120-cell (or great faceted 600-cell) (gofix)	File:Schläfli-Hess polychoron-wireframe-4.png	File:Ortho solid 014-uniform polychoron 3p5-t0.png	{3,5/2,5} Template:CDD	120 {3,5/2} File:Great icosahedron.png	1200 {3} File:Triangle.Equilateral.svg	720 {5} File:Pentagon.svg	120 {5/2,5} File:Small stellated dodecahedron.png	76	480	Great grand 120-cell
Grand 600-cell (gax)	File:Schläfli-Hess polychoron-wireframe-4.png	File:Ortho solid 015-uniform polychoron 33p-t0.png	{3,3,5/2} Template:CDD	600 {3,3} File:Tetrahedron.png	1200 {3} File:Triangle.Equilateral.svg	720 {5/2} File:Pentagram.svg	120 {3,5/2} File:Great icosahedron.png	191	0	Great grand stellated 120-cell
Great grand stellated 120-cell (gogishi)	File:Schläfli-Hess polychoron-wireframe-1.png	File:Ortho solid 016-uniform polychoron p33-t0.png	{5/2,3,3} Template:CDD	120 {5/2,3} File:Great stellated dodecahedron.png	720 {5/2} File:Pentagram.svg	1200 {3} File:Triangle.Equilateral.svg	600 {3,3} File:Tetrahedron.png	191	0	Grand 600-cell

Existence

The existence of a regular polychoron $\{p,q,r\}$ is constrained by the existence of the regular polyhedra $\{p,q\},\{q,r\}$ and a dihedral angle constraint:

$\sin (\frac{\pi }{p})\sin (\frac{\pi }{r})<\cos (\frac{\pi }{q}).$

The six regular convex polytopes and 10 star polytopes above are the only solutions to these constraints.

There are four nonconvex Schläfli symbols {p,q,r} that have valid cells {p,q} and vertex figures {q,r}, and pass the dihedral test, but fail to produce finite figures: {3,5/2,3}, {4,3,5/2}, {5/2,3,4}, {5/2,3,5/2}.

See also

• List of regular polytopes
• Convex regular polychoron
• Kepler-Poinsot polyhedra – regular star polyhedron
• Star polygon – regular star polygons

References

• Edmund Hess, (1883) Einleitung in die Lehre von der Kugelteilung mit besonderer Berücksichtigung ihrer Anwendung auf die Theorie der Gleichflächigen und der gleicheckigen Polyeder [1].
• Edmund Hess Uber die regulären Polytope höherer Art, Sitzungsber Gesells Beförderung gesammten Naturwiss Marburg, 1885, 31-57
• Kaleidoscopes: Selected Writings of H.S.M. Coxeter, edited by F. Arthur Sherk, Peter McMullen, Anthony C. Thompson, Asia Ivic Weiss, Wiley-Interscience Publication, 1995, ISBN 978-0-471-01003-6 [2]
  • (Paper 10) H.S.M. Coxeter, Star Polytopes and the Schlafli Function f(α,β,γ) [Elemente der Mathematik 44 (2) (1989) 25–36]
• Coxeter, Regular Polytopes, 3rd. ed., Dover Publications, 1973. ISBN 0-486-61480-8. (Table I(ii): 16 regular polytopes {p, q,r} in four dimensions, pp. 292–293)
• H. S. M. Coxeter, Regular Complex Polytopes, 2nd. ed., Cambridge University Press 1991. ISBN 978-0-521-39490-1. [3]
• Peter McMullen and Egon Schulte, Abstract Regular Polytopes, 2002, PDF
• John H. Conway, Heidi Burgiel, Chaim Goodman-Strass, The Symmetries of Things 2008, ISBN 978-1-56881-220-5 (Chapter 26, Regular Star-polytopes, pp. 404–408)

External links

• 22 year-old Systems Analyst Rave from Merrickville-Wolford, has lots of hobbies and interests including quick cars, property developers in singapore and baking. Always loves visiting spots like Historic Monuments Zone of Querétaro.
  
  Here is my web site - cottagehillchurch.com
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• Jonathan Bowers, 16 regular polychora
• Discussion on names
• Reguläre Polytope
• The Regular Star Polychora
• Stella4D Stella (software) produces interactive views of all 1849 known uniform polychora including the 64 convex forms and the infinite prismatic families. Was used to create images for this page.