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'''Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water''' ('''VSMOW''') is a water standard defining the [[isotope|isotopic]] composition of fresh water. It was promulgated by the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] in 1968, and, since 1993, continues to be evaluated and studied by the IAEA along with the [[Europe]]an [[Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements]] and the [[United States|American]] [[National Institute for Standards and Technology]]. The standard includes both the established values of stable isotopes found in waters and calibration materials provided for standardization and interlaboratory comparisons of instruments used to measure these values in experimental materials.
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The designation ''ocean water'' refers only to the evaporation of ocean waters in the [[hydrologic cycle]] as the original source of fresh surface and ground waters and precipitation, but VSMOW is not a standard for [[seawater]]. Fresh distilled VSMOW water is also used for making high accuracy measurement of water's physical properties and for defining laboratory standards since it is considered to be representative of average ocean water, in effect representing all water on Earth.
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Previously to its definition, average ocean water and melted snow were used as references.  These conventions were refined in the 1960s by the standardized definition of Standard Mean Ocean Water (SMOW). The U.S. National Bureau of Standards (now the [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]], NIST) created physical water standards for global use.  However, the physical integrity of the U.S. standards came into question. The use of the SMOW standard was discontinued.<ref>{{cite journal
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|year=1995|title=New manuscript guidelines for the reporting of stable hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen isotope-ratio data|journal=Limnol. Oceanogr.|publisher=American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Inc.|volume=40|issue=6|pages=1182|url=http://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol_40/issue_6/1182.pdf
}}</ref>


VSMOW is a recalibration of the original SMOW definition and was created in 1967 by [[Harmon Craig]] and other researchers from [[Scripps Institution of Oceanography]] at the [[University of California, San Diego]] who mixed [[distilled]] ocean waters collected from different spots around the globe. VSMOW remains one of the major isotopic water benchmarks in use today.
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==Composition==
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The isotopic composition of VSMOW water is specified as ratios of the [[mole (unit)|molar]] abundance of the rare isotope in question divided by that of its most common isotope and is expressed as [[Parts per notation|parts per million (ppm)]]. For instance [[oxygen-16|<sup>16</sup>O]] (the most common isotope of oxygen with eight protons and eight neutrons) is roughly 2632 times more prevalent in sea water than is [[oxygen-17|<sup>17</sup>O]] (with an additional neutron). The isotopic ratios of VSMOW water are defined as follows:


*[[deuterium|<sup>2</sup>H]]/[[hydrogen-1|<sup>1</sup>H]] = 155.76&nbsp;±0.1&nbsp;ppm (a ratio of 1 part per approximately 6420 parts)
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*[[tritium|<sup>3</sup>H]]/<sup>1</sup>H = 1.85&nbsp;±0.36&nbsp;×&nbsp;10<sup>−11</sup>&nbsp;ppm (a ratio of 1 part per approximately 5.41&nbsp;×&nbsp;10<sup>16</sup> parts, ignored for physical properties-related work)
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*[[oxygen-18|<sup>18</sup>O]]/<sup>16</sup>O = 2005.20&nbsp;±0.43&nbsp;ppm (a ratio of 1 part per approximately 498.7 parts)
<ul>
*<sup>17</sup>O/<sup>16</sup>O = 379.9&nbsp;±1.6&nbsp;ppm (a ratio of 1 part per approximately 2632 parts)
 
 
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==Use in temperature standards {{anchor|VSMOW in temperature measurement}} ==<!--Linked from [[Celsius]]-->
 
Very pure, carefully distilled VSMOW water is important in the manufacture of high-accuracy [[temperature]] measurement reference standards. Both the [[Kelvin]] and [[Celsius]] scales are defined by the [[triple point]] of water (273.16&nbsp;K and 0.01&nbsp;°C respectively). Due to differences in isotopic composition, water samples from various sources may exhibit slight differences in physical properties, such as density, boiling point, and vapor pressure. Consequently, snow, river water, and rainwater, all of which are recently evaporated ocean water, tend to be enriched in the lighter isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen, causing water to evaporate faster.
</ul>
 
Temperature reference cells filled with water of improper isotopic composition can cause errors of several hundred [[microkelvin]] in the measured triple point.
 
To address this issue, the Comité International des Poids et Mesures (CPIM), also known as the [[International Committee for Weights and Measures]], affirmed in 2005<ref>[http://www.bipm.fr/en/si/si_brochure/chapter2/2-1/kelvin.html International Kelvin definition]</ref> that for the purposes of specifying the temperature of the triple point of water, the definition of the Kelvin thermodynamic temperature scale would refer to water with a composition of the nominal specification of VSMOW.<ref group=notes>[http://www.bipm.fr/utils/en/pdf/CIPM2005-EN.pdf (669 kB PDF) CIPM 2005 report] See pg. 235 of the document (Pg. 107 of the PDF) for ''Clarification of the definition of the kelvin, unit of thermodynamic  temperature.'' The CIPM's adoption of the VSMOW standard was based upon a recommendation of the [[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry]] (IUPAC) in their publication [http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/2003/7506/7506x0683.html ''Atomic Weights of the Elements: Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)''], J. R. de Laeter ''et al.'', Pure and Applied Chemistry, '''75''', Issue 6, Pg. 683&ndash;799.</ref>
 
One effect of defining the triple point of VSMOW as both 0.01&nbsp;°C and 273.16&nbsp;K is that neither the [[water (properties)|melting]] or [[water (properties)|boiling]] point of water under one standard atmosphere (101.325&nbsp;kPa) remain defining points for the Celsius scale. In 1948, when the 9th General Conference on Weights and Measures ([[CGPM]]) in Resolution 3<ref>[http://www.bipm.fr/en/CGPM/db/9/3/ CGPM Resolution 3]</ref> first considered using the triple point of water as a defining point, the triple point was so close to being 0.01&nbsp;°C greater than water's known melting point, it was simply defined as exactly 0.01&nbsp;°C. However, current measurements show that the triple and melting points of VSMOW water are only {{gaps|0.009|911(10)}}&nbsp;°C apart. Thus, the actual melting point of ice is {{gaps|+0.000|089(10)}}&nbsp;°C. Also, defining water's triple point at 273.16&nbsp;K defined the magnitude of each 1&nbsp;°C increment in terms of the [[thermodynamic temperature|absolute thermodynamic temperature scale]] (referencing [[absolute zero]]). Now decoupled from the actual boiling point of water, the value ''100&nbsp;°C'' is hotter than 0&nbsp;°C, in absolute terms, by a factor of ''exactly'' <math>\textstyle\frac{373.15}{273.15}</math> (approximately 36.61% thermodynamically hotter). When adhering ''strictly'' to the two-point definition for calibration, the boiling point of VSMOW water under one [[Standard_atmospheric_pressure#Standard_atmospheric_pressure|standard atmosphere]] of pressure is actually 373.1339&nbsp;K (99.9839&nbsp;°C). When calibrated to [[International Temperature Scale of 1990|ITS-90]] (a calibration standard comprising many definition points and commonly used for high-precision instrumentation), the boiling point of VSMOW water is slightly less, about 99.974&nbsp;°C.
 
This boiling–point difference of 16.1 millikelvins between the Celsius scale's original definition and the current one (based on absolute zero and the triple point) has little practical meaning in real life because water's boiling point is extremely sensitive to variations in barometric pressure. For example, an altitude change of only 28&nbsp;cm (11&nbsp;in) causes water's boiling point to change by one millikelvin.
 
==Notes==
{{reflist|group=notes}}
 
==See also==
*[[Properties of water]]
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
 
==External links==
*[http://www.iaea.org International Atomic Energy Agency - IAEA]
*[http://www.sp.se/Metrology/temperature/eng/its-90.htm ITS-90 - Swedish National Testing and Research Institute]
*[http://www.omega.com/techref/intltemp.html ITS-90 - Omega Engineering]
*[http://www.sio.ucsd.edu/ Scripps Institution of Oceanography]
*[http://www.temperatures.com/stds.html Temperature Sensors - information repository]
*[http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/data.html Scientific data of water - London South Bank University]
 
[[Category:Nuclear technology|Vsmow]]
[[Category:Environmental isotopes|Vsmow]]
[[Category:Chemical oceanography|Vsmow]]
[[Category:Forms of water]]
[[Category:Standards]]

Latest revision as of 03:07, 20 May 2014

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