Ekman velocity: Difference between revisions

From formulasearchengine
Jump to navigation Jump to search
en>Woohookitty
m WPCleaner v1.13 - Repaired 1 link to disambiguation page - (You can help) - Doi, 1 to be fixed - Doi
 
en>Myasuda
m Usage: sp
 
(One intermediate revision by one other user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{no footnotes|date=December 2012}}
In order to identify a person, a security system has to compare personal characteristics with a [[database]]. A scan of a person's iris, fingerprint, face, or other distinguishing feature is made and a series of '''biometric points '''are drawn at key locations in the scan.  In the case of a facial scan, biometric points might be placed at the tip of each ear lobe and in the corners of both eyes, for example.  Measurements taken between all the (possibly hundreds of) points of a scan are compiled and result in a numerical "score" (which might be quite large), unique for every individual, yet which can quickly and easily be compared to the previously compiled scores of all the facial scans in the database to determine if there is a match.


== Basic approach ==
For security systems using [[cameras]], [[Object recognition|people recognition]] has become, in recent years, one of the most common forms of identification. The successful [[Identification of human individuals|identification]] of an individual requires comparing an image of the individual to a database that contains the images of many people.  However, comparing each image in its entirety, pixel by pixel, would be an extremely slow and expensive process.  To solve this problem, biometrics are used.  With biometrics, rather than compare the entire image, biometric points are placed at key locations, measurements between all the points are taken, and the results are compiled into a kind of "score."  Such a score can be easily obtained from every image on file and then stored in the database.  When a new individual's image is obtained, all that is required for successful [[Identification of human individuals|identification]] is for the system to compile the score based on the image's biometrics and then to compare this new score to the scores in the database—an easy task for a modern computer or laptop.


The goal of a recognition system is: given an image of an "unknown" person, to find a picture of the same person in a group of "known" or training images. The difficulty is insuring that this process can be performed in real time. A biometric system identifies images or videos of people automatically. It can operate in two modes:
that's a lie. Don't fall prey to these types of websites and always read the reviews before joining. Talking to experts in their field can help you to use [http://www.comoganhardinheiro101.com/?p=18 ganhe dinheiro] the Internet successfully. Try to network with people who do what you want to do. Doing these things can help give you an advantage over your competition. <br><br><br>Manage your time wisely when you are trying to make money online. You may have a real-world job, which means you have to budget time wisely. Set a schedule that will allow you enough time to balance the two. Also make sure that you are being efficient in that time, so you don't run into stress [http://www.comoganhardinheiro101.com/perguntas-frequentes/ como conseguir dinheiro] about working online. Becoming a ghost writer is a great way to earn money online. There are people who need [http://Www.comoganhardinheiro101.com/como-ganhar-dinheiro-pela-internet/ content] for their websites, but who lack good writing skills. You can write for them and earn money for what you write. Many people are earning a good income writing for others this way.<br><br>Do you have a heart for customer service? If so, you can make money online answering phone calls for businesses. Additionally, you can make money by chatting online with a business's customer to help them solve problems and answer their questions. There are many customer service sites available including: LiveOps, Working Solutions [http://www.comoganhardinheiro101.com/?p=66 como ganhar dinheiro na internet] and ACD Direct. Write online to make money. There are quite a few legitimate companies that pay people to write articles online.  To learn more info on [http://ganhandodinheironainternet.comoganhardinheiro101.com ganhe dinheiro] look into http://ganhandodinheironainternet.comoganhardinheiro101.com  ganhe dinheiro You can find many different companies that will pay you to write different content with varying topics. If you enjoy writing, you should do research to look for companies that will pay you to write online.<br><br>Don't buy every book about making money online. Most of the time, these books are sold by people whose claim to fame is that they are teaching people how to make money [http://www.comoganhardinheiro101.com/tag/opcoes-binarias/ como ganhar dinheiro pela internet] online. Before you buy an e-book or book about making money, make sure that you know a little about the author, and that you have seen testimonials about the book.<br><br>Affiliate marketing can be a good way to earn money online if you have a lot of time and energy to spend on website setup and promotion. Affiliate marketers market the products of others in a number of ways. You can create a website and promote [http://www.comoganhardinheiro101.com/perguntas-frequentes/ ganhar dinheiro] it. Creating a blog or posting on the blogs of others in your niche is also an excellent way to share product information. Making smart use of social media and e mail marketing are also possibilities for successful affiliate marketing.<br><br>Several websites out there pay for people to do tasks that cannot be handled by a computer. It might be flagging inappropriate activity or finding the name of a business on a receipt. These tasks require human intelligence to find the answer. They are reasonably simple to perform and can provide you with some extra [http://www.comoganhardinheiro101.com/?p=16 como ganhar dinheiro pela internet] money. Translate documents if you are fluent in a second language and want to make money on the side. Check out the freelancing sites to find people who will need things altered into a different language. This can be anyone from a large corporation to an individual who wants to translate something for a friend.<br><br>Take advantage of paid per post if you have extra time and need to make money online. People will need you to make posts on their site to promote a product or give a good review, which will help them in the long run. In return, they will pay you a nice sum. Do you enjoy [http://www.comoganhardinheiro101.com/2013/11/ ganhar dinheiro na internet] writing? If so, you can make cash by becoming a freelance writer. Just be aware that most freelance writing sites prefer writers with experience. But, there are other sites that will hire you if you pass a test. It's a bonus if you have knowledge on particular subjects.<br><br>Make extra money on the side with email marketing. This is a great way to promote a company and use the subscribers that you have to your advantage. You will simply send a message or advertise a product to your large  ganhar dinheiro pool of subscribers and get paid money to do so. If you plan on making serious [http://www.comoganhardinheiro101.com/tag/ganhar-dinheiro/ como conseguir dinheiro] money online, make sure you've got the right equipment for the job. There's nothing more frustrating than trying to complete a job and your Internet times out, or is so slow that you miss a bid or other opportunity. Have the necessary equipment and make sure you're software is up to date too. <br><br><br>As you can see from the above article, it is easy to understand how to make money online when you get the knowledge through great tips. You can join the millions of people worldwide who make money each day, if you [http://www.comoganhardinheiro101.com/tag/ganhar-dinheiro/ ganhe dinheiro na internet] pay close attention to the tips that you have just read. Making money online is a skill, and if you continue to study good tips and ideas such as these, there is no reason why you cannot make lots of money online.<br><br>If you're a performer, YouTube may help you earn income online. Make a brief video clip showcasing your talents. Are you  [http://www.comoganhardinheiro101.com/perguntas-frequentes/ como ganhar dinheiro] a whiz with cosmetics? Make online tutorials that focus on makeup. Do you view yourself as a comedian? Why not film a brief comedy routine on hot news topics? When your videos have [http://www.comoganhardinheiro101.com/homebox/ como ficar rico] been uploaded to the site, advertisements will be attached to your page and this will lead to payment. There are many ways you can make money online; all you need is some basic information. This article should have helped you get started. Use these tips to earn as much or as little as you need online.<br><br>Affiliate marketing can be a good way to earn money online if you have a lot of time and energy to spend on website setup and promotion. Affiliate marketers market the products of others in a number of ways. You can create a website and promote [http://www.comoganhardinheiro101.com/?p=12 como ganhar dinheiro pela internet] it. Creating a blog or posting on the blogs of others in your niche is also an excellent way to share product information. Making smart use of social media and e mail marketing are also possibilities for successful affiliate marketing.<br><br>If you have the ability to type quickly, you may consider transcription jobs. You need to have good headphones and the ability to keep up with what is being said. Often, the companies will have their own formatting guidelines. Familiarize yourself with these prior to beginning. Once you have, you can begin transcribing. [http://www.comoganhardinheiro101.com/tag/ganhar-dinheiro/ ganhe dinheiro na internet] What do you do? Do it for pay! A number of websites offer you points when you search through them and/or make purchases of items that you were planning to buy anyway. Take the points you earn and trade them for gift cards, gifts and sometimes even cash. Sites thatprovide this opportunity include Swagbucks and Mypoints.<br><br>Don't buy every book about making money online. Most of the time, these books are sold by people whose claim to fame is that they are teaching people how to make money online. Before you buy an e-book or book about making money, make sure that you know a little about the author, and that you have seen testimonials about the book.<br><br>If you want to do something creative, consider ways to create viral videos. Brainstorm ideas that you think are rip riotously hilarious, then start putting them into action. Post them on YouTube, turn on ads and, if they work, watch the money start rolling in! Learn about marketing to see how you can get them even more popular. [http://www.comoganhardinheiro101.com/ganhar-dinheiro-pela-internet-com-opcoes-binarias/ como conseguir dinheiro] If you know how to prepare taxes, you can earn money online. Apply for the necessary government licenses and then begin offering your services online. Many of today's top producers work from home with only their laptop and an email address. For best results, continually advertise your services throughout the year.<br><br>
*'''Verification or authentication of individuals''': a person's current image is compared with a stored image of the person to be identified. The system confirms or denies the identity of the person.
*'''ID or person recognition''': the image of a stranger is compared with the images of known persons in the database to determine identity.


== Biometrics==
Medical transcription can be a good way to make money online as a full time career. Formal training is required, and this can be costly. Additionally, it is necessary to have good computer and transcription equipment that works reliably. A great deal of work is available for people who are able and willing [http://www.comoganhardinheiro101.com/?p=66 ganhar dinheiro] to invest in training and good equipment. Pay is quite substantial. You can sell your wares on the Internet to make money. Certain sites will help you to do your selling. You can personalize the t-shirts for your client. You can advertise by putting fliers up around the neighborhood or by using Craigslist.<br><br>Manage your time wisely when you are trying to make money online. You may have a real-world job, which means you have to budget time wisely. Set a schedule that will allow you enough time to balance the two. Also make sure that you are being efficient in that time, so you don't run into stress [http://www.comoganhardinheiro101.com/slide-central/ como conseguir dinheiro] about working online. Becoming a ghost writer is a great way to earn money online. There are people who need content for their websites, but who lack good writing skills. You can write for them and earn money for what you write. Many people are earning a good income writing for others this way.
For the scientist, [[Biometrics]] is the science of measuring physical properties of living beings and for the engineer it is the automated recognition of individuals based on their behavioural and biological characteristics.
 
By measuring an individual's suitable behavioural and biological characteristics in a recognition inquiry and comparing these data with the biometric reference data, which had been stored during a learning procedure, the identity of a specific user is determined.
 
=== Biometric characteristic ===
A biometric characteristic is biological or behavioural property of an individual that can be measured and from which distinguishing, repeatable biometric features can be extracted for the purpose of automated recognition of individuals. An example is the face.
 
This characteristic, recorded with a capture device, can be compared with a biometric sample representation of biometric characteristics.
 
The biometric features are information extracted from biometric samples, which can be used for comparison with a biometric reference. Examples are characteristic measurements extracted from a photograph of a face, such as eye distance or nose size.
 
The aim of the extraction of biometric features from a biometric sample is to remove any information that does not contribute to biometric recognition. This enables a fast comparison, improved biometric performance, and may have privacy advantages.
 
=== Well-known biometric characteristics ===
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Biometric characteristic !! Description of the features
|-
!Fingerprint
| Finger lines, pore structure
|-
! Signature (dynamic)
| Writing with pressure and speed differentials
|-
! Facial geometry
| Distances between specific facial features (eyes, nose, mouth)
|-
! [[Iris (anatomy)|Iris]]
| Iris pattern
|-
! [[Retina]]
| Eye background (pattern of the vein structure)
|-
! Body geometry
| Distance between specific body features
|-
! Hand geometry
| Measurement of fingers and palm
|-
! Vein structure of hand
| Vein structure of the back or palm of the hand
|-
! [[Ear]] form
| Dimensions of the visible ear
|-
!Voice
| Tone or timbre
|-
! [[DNA]]
| DNA code as the carrier of human hereditary
|-
! Keyboard strokes
| Rhythm of keyboard strokes (PC or other keyboard)
|}
 
== Process ==
To be able to recognize a person by biometric characteristics and derived biometric features, a learning phase must first take place.[[File:Enrolment process.png|thumb | Enrolment process | 300px]] The procedure is called [[Biometrics|enrolment]] and comprises the creation of an enrolment data record of the biometric data subject (the person to be enrolled) and its storage in a biometric enrolment database. The enrolment data record comprises one or multiple biometric references and arbitrary non-biometric data such as a name or a personnel number.
 
=== Biometric recognition work ===
For the purpose of recognition, the biometric data subject (the person to be recognized) presents his or her biometric characteristics to the biometric capture device, which generates a recognition biometric sample. [[File:Fases del reconeixement.png|thumb | Decision process before an image is received | 300px]] From this recognition biometric sample the biometric feature extraction software creates biometric features which are compared with one or multiple biometric templates from the biometric enrolment database. Due to the statistical nature of biometric samples there is generally no exact match possible. For that reason, the decision process will only assign the biometric data subject to a biometric template and confirm recognition if the comparison score exceeds an adjustable threshold.
 
=== Biometric points or shapes ===
In order to make an accurate comparison and determine if there is a match, the system requires a shape or points measurement to be compared against the information in the database. This process must be discriminating, quick to compute, concise to store, pose-independent and efficient to match.
 
====Head====
The head shape is based in a spherical harmonics; the human head grid is mapped into a sphere and then expanded in the basics or spherical harmonics. For face recognition, the relationship between various points, such as the distance between the eyes, is compared.
 
====Body====
For the body different kind of points are used, but, as with the head, the distances between these points are measured. Seventy-three so-called anthropometry landmarks were extracted from the scans of a database used to create this system. These are point-to-point distances. The landmarks identify key bone joint structure and are adequate to segment the body and produce anatomical reference axis systems for the key body segments and joints.
[[File:Distàncies biomètriques.jpg|thumb | Measuring distances based on biometric points | right]]
Those points with separations that are pose-independent and feasibly findable in a camera’s field of view are connected by a single large bone. They form a biometric vector of twelve distances, <math> d </math>, with <math> P1 </math>,  wrist to elbow, <math> P2 </math> elbow to shoulder, d3 hip to knee, etc. for which the Euclidean distance <math>  d = | | Pi - Pj | | </math> is invariant across different poses. Distances such as chin-knee are avoided. All measurements are in millimeters (mm).
 
[[File:Body Landmarks.png|thumb | Anthropometry Landmarks, or biometric points of the human body | center | 500px]]
 
==Error ==
A computer-vision-based system will contain some errors in measurement of the landmark points. This is a complex function of the imaging system, image post-processing, and 3D calculation algorithm. For simplicity, the system does not analyze this process but instead specifies an equivalent error at the position of the landmarks, and studys the effect of this error on the recognizer.
 
== Conclusion ==
Biometrics points are useful for making identifications with cameras systems, but they depend on the existence of a previously generated database so that distances can be compared.
 
== Applications ==
Beside the most common use for people recognition in security systems,
they can be used in [[Kinect]] for parental control. For example, the new data obtained is compared with previously stored data to determine if the person recognized is a minor or not.
 
== References ==
[http://www.sans.org/reading_room/whitepapers/authentication/biometric-selection-body-parts-online_139 Biometric selection body parts]
 
[http://legacytech.wordpress.com/2011/10/03/kinect-age-verification/?like=1 Kinect age verification]
 
[http://www.sans.org/reading_room/whitepapers/authentication/biometric-selection-body-parts-online_139 SANS Institute InfoSec Reading Room]
 
[http://ovrt.nist.gov/IEEEpaper2.pdf Human identification]
 
[http://wear.io.tudelft.nl/files/Banff08/Afzal.pdf CAESAR project]
 
[http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1091&context=cis_papers&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3Dhuman%2520identification%2520from%2520body%2520shape%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D2%26sqi%3D2%26ved%3D0CCIQFjAB%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Frepository.upenn.edu%252Fcgi%252Fviewcontent.cgi%253Farticle%253D1091%2526context%253Dcis_papers%26ei%3D-dPXTqTJNuHg0QGs_vGPDg%26usg%3DAFQjCNH5W1eSIbQOFQTw1sTSA9avSmgtdg%26sig2%3Dfi0gb5lVlZ54G-Wb-_C5JQ%26cad%3Drja#search=%22human%20identification%20from%20body%20shape%22 Silhouette-based Human Identification from Body]
 
[http://msis.jsc.nasa.gov/sections/section03.htm ANTHROPOMETRY AND BIOMECHANICS NASA PROJECT]
 
[[Category:Biometrics]]

Latest revision as of 01:17, 20 October 2014


that's a lie. Don't fall prey to these types of websites and always read the reviews before joining. Talking to experts in their field can help you to use ganhe dinheiro the Internet successfully. Try to network with people who do what you want to do. Doing these things can help give you an advantage over your competition.


Manage your time wisely when you are trying to make money online. You may have a real-world job, which means you have to budget time wisely. Set a schedule that will allow you enough time to balance the two. Also make sure that you are being efficient in that time, so you don't run into stress como conseguir dinheiro about working online. Becoming a ghost writer is a great way to earn money online. There are people who need content for their websites, but who lack good writing skills. You can write for them and earn money for what you write. Many people are earning a good income writing for others this way.

Do you have a heart for customer service? If so, you can make money online answering phone calls for businesses. Additionally, you can make money by chatting online with a business's customer to help them solve problems and answer their questions. There are many customer service sites available including: LiveOps, Working Solutions como ganhar dinheiro na internet and ACD Direct. Write online to make money. There are quite a few legitimate companies that pay people to write articles online. To learn more info on ganhe dinheiro look into http://ganhandodinheironainternet.comoganhardinheiro101.com ganhe dinheiro You can find many different companies that will pay you to write different content with varying topics. If you enjoy writing, you should do research to look for companies that will pay you to write online.

Don't buy every book about making money online. Most of the time, these books are sold by people whose claim to fame is that they are teaching people how to make money como ganhar dinheiro pela internet online. Before you buy an e-book or book about making money, make sure that you know a little about the author, and that you have seen testimonials about the book.

Affiliate marketing can be a good way to earn money online if you have a lot of time and energy to spend on website setup and promotion. Affiliate marketers market the products of others in a number of ways. You can create a website and promote ganhar dinheiro it. Creating a blog or posting on the blogs of others in your niche is also an excellent way to share product information. Making smart use of social media and e mail marketing are also possibilities for successful affiliate marketing.

Several websites out there pay for people to do tasks that cannot be handled by a computer. It might be flagging inappropriate activity or finding the name of a business on a receipt. These tasks require human intelligence to find the answer. They are reasonably simple to perform and can provide you with some extra como ganhar dinheiro pela internet money. Translate documents if you are fluent in a second language and want to make money on the side. Check out the freelancing sites to find people who will need things altered into a different language. This can be anyone from a large corporation to an individual who wants to translate something for a friend.

Take advantage of paid per post if you have extra time and need to make money online. People will need you to make posts on their site to promote a product or give a good review, which will help them in the long run. In return, they will pay you a nice sum. Do you enjoy ganhar dinheiro na internet writing? If so, you can make cash by becoming a freelance writer. Just be aware that most freelance writing sites prefer writers with experience. But, there are other sites that will hire you if you pass a test. It's a bonus if you have knowledge on particular subjects.

Make extra money on the side with email marketing. This is a great way to promote a company and use the subscribers that you have to your advantage. You will simply send a message or advertise a product to your large ganhar dinheiro pool of subscribers and get paid money to do so. If you plan on making serious como conseguir dinheiro money online, make sure you've got the right equipment for the job. There's nothing more frustrating than trying to complete a job and your Internet times out, or is so slow that you miss a bid or other opportunity. Have the necessary equipment and make sure you're software is up to date too.


As you can see from the above article, it is easy to understand how to make money online when you get the knowledge through great tips. You can join the millions of people worldwide who make money each day, if you ganhe dinheiro na internet pay close attention to the tips that you have just read. Making money online is a skill, and if you continue to study good tips and ideas such as these, there is no reason why you cannot make lots of money online.

If you're a performer, YouTube may help you earn income online. Make a brief video clip showcasing your talents. Are you como ganhar dinheiro a whiz with cosmetics? Make online tutorials that focus on makeup. Do you view yourself as a comedian? Why not film a brief comedy routine on hot news topics? When your videos have como ficar rico been uploaded to the site, advertisements will be attached to your page and this will lead to payment. There are many ways you can make money online; all you need is some basic information. This article should have helped you get started. Use these tips to earn as much or as little as you need online.

Affiliate marketing can be a good way to earn money online if you have a lot of time and energy to spend on website setup and promotion. Affiliate marketers market the products of others in a number of ways. You can create a website and promote como ganhar dinheiro pela internet it. Creating a blog or posting on the blogs of others in your niche is also an excellent way to share product information. Making smart use of social media and e mail marketing are also possibilities for successful affiliate marketing.

If you have the ability to type quickly, you may consider transcription jobs. You need to have good headphones and the ability to keep up with what is being said. Often, the companies will have their own formatting guidelines. Familiarize yourself with these prior to beginning. Once you have, you can begin transcribing. ganhe dinheiro na internet What do you do? Do it for pay! A number of websites offer you points when you search through them and/or make purchases of items that you were planning to buy anyway. Take the points you earn and trade them for gift cards, gifts and sometimes even cash. Sites thatprovide this opportunity include Swagbucks and Mypoints.

Don't buy every book about making money online. Most of the time, these books are sold by people whose claim to fame is that they are teaching people how to make money online. Before you buy an e-book or book about making money, make sure that you know a little about the author, and that you have seen testimonials about the book.

If you want to do something creative, consider ways to create viral videos. Brainstorm ideas that you think are rip riotously hilarious, then start putting them into action. Post them on YouTube, turn on ads and, if they work, watch the money start rolling in! Learn about marketing to see how you can get them even more popular. como conseguir dinheiro If you know how to prepare taxes, you can earn money online. Apply for the necessary government licenses and then begin offering your services online. Many of today's top producers work from home with only their laptop and an email address. For best results, continually advertise your services throughout the year.

Medical transcription can be a good way to make money online as a full time career. Formal training is required, and this can be costly. Additionally, it is necessary to have good computer and transcription equipment that works reliably. A great deal of work is available for people who are able and willing ganhar dinheiro to invest in training and good equipment. Pay is quite substantial. You can sell your wares on the Internet to make money. Certain sites will help you to do your selling. You can personalize the t-shirts for your client. You can advertise by putting fliers up around the neighborhood or by using Craigslist.

Manage your time wisely when you are trying to make money online. You may have a real-world job, which means you have to budget time wisely. Set a schedule that will allow you enough time to balance the two. Also make sure that you are being efficient in that time, so you don't run into stress como conseguir dinheiro about working online. Becoming a ghost writer is a great way to earn money online. There are people who need content for their websites, but who lack good writing skills. You can write for them and earn money for what you write. Many people are earning a good income writing for others this way.