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|name              = Jean-Robert Argand
|caption          = Jean-Robert Argand
|birth_date        = July 18, 1768
|birth_place      = [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]]
|death_date        = August 13, 1822
|death_place      = [[Paris]]
|residence        =
|citizenship      =
|nationality      = [[France]]
|ethnicity        =
|field            = [[Mathematics]]
|work_institutions =
|alma_mater        =
|doctoral_advisor  =
|doctoral_students =
|known_for        = [[Argand diagram]] and Proof of [[Fundamental Theorem of Algebra]]
|author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences        =
|influenced        =
|prizes            =
|religion          =
|footnotes        =
|signature        =
}}'''Jean-Robert Argand''' (July 18, 1768 – August 13, 1822) was a gifted [[List of amateur mathematicians|amateur mathematician]]. In 1806, while managing a [[bookstore]] in [[Paris]], he published the idea of geometrical interpretation of [[complex number]]s known as the [[Argand diagram]].
 
==Life==
 
Jean-Robert Argand was born in [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]] to Jacques Argand and Eve CarnacHis background and education are mostly unknown.  Since his knowledge of mathematics was self-taught and he did not belong to any mathematical organizations, he likely pursued mathematics as a hobby rather than a profession.
 
Argand moved to Paris in 1806 with his family and, when managing a bookshop there, privately published his ''Essai sur une manière de représenter les quantités imaginaires dans les constructions géométriques'' (Essay on a method of representing [[complex number|imaginary quantities]]). In 1813, it was republished in the French journal ''Annales de Mathématiques''. The Essay discussed a method of graphing complex numbers via analytical geometry. It proposed the interpretation of the value {{math|''i''}} as a rotation of 90 degrees in the Argand plane. In this essay he was also the first to propose the idea of modulus to indicate the magnitude of vectors and [[complex numbers]], as well as the notation for vectors <math>\overrightarrow{a b}</math>. The topic of complex numbers was also being studied by other mathematicians, notably [[Carl Friedrich Gauss]] and [[Caspar Wessel]].  Wessel's 1799 paper on a similar graphing technique did not attract attention.
 
Argand is also renowned for delivering a proof of the [[fundamental theorem of algebra]] in his 1814 work ''Réflexions sur la nouvelle théorie d'analyse'' (Reflections on the new theory of analysis). It was the first complete and [[rigorous proof]] of the theorem, and was also the first proof to generalize the fundamental theorem of algebra to include [[polynomials]] with complex coefficients. In 1978 it was called by The Mathematical Intelligencer “both ingenious and profound,” and was later referenced in [[Cauchy| Cauchy's]] Cours d’Analyse and [[George Chrystal|Chrystal's]] influential textbook ''Algebra''.
 
Jean-Robert Argand died of an unknown cause on August 13, 1822 in Paris.
 
==See also==
 
* [[Caspar Wessel]]
* [[Imaginary unit|''i'']], the imaginary square root of [[−1 (number)|−1]]
* [[Complex number]]
* [[Complex plane]] (also known as Argand plane)
 
==References==
 
* Roy, J. (n.d.) James Robert Argand Biography | World of Mathematics. ''Bookrags.com.''  Retrieved March 18, 2008. From http://www.bookrags.com/biography/jean-robert-argand-wom/.
 
*McGrath, K., Travers B., et al. (n.d.)  James Robert Argand Biography | Word of Scientific Discovery.  ''Bookrags.com.''  Retrieved March 18, 2008.  From http://www.bookrags.com/biography/jean-robert-argand-wsd/.
 
==External links==
* {{MacTutor Biography|id=Argand}}
* Robert Argand, ''Essai sur une manière de représenter des quantités imaginaires dans les constructions géométriques'', 2e édition, Gauthier Villars, Paris (1874) [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ BNF]
* [http://www.s9.com/Biography/Argand-Jean-Robert Jean-Robert Argand, Biography on ''s9.com'']
 
==Further reading==
* {{cite encyclopedia
  | last = Jones
  | first = Phillip S.
  | title = Argand, Jean Robert
  | encyclopedia = [[Dictionary of Scientific Biography]]
  | volume = 1
  | pages = 237–240
  | publisher = Charles Scribner's Sons
  | location = New York
  | year = 1970
  | isbn = 0-684-10114-9
}}
 
{{Authority control|VIAF=92070132}}
 
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
| NAME              = Argand, Jean-Robert
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = French mathematician
| DATE OF BIRTH    = July 18, 1768
| PLACE OF BIRTH    = [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]]
| DATE OF DEATH    = August 13, 1822
| PLACE OF DEATH    = [[Paris]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Argand, Jean-Robert}}
[[Category:1768 births]]
[[Category:1822 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century French mathematicians]]
[[Category:19th-century French mathematicians]]
[[Category:Complex numbers]]

Latest revision as of 02:08, 21 October 2014

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