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	~~Chiropractor Golden from Provost~~, ~~has hobbies including country music~~, ~~property developers in singapore~~ and ~~collecting~~. ~~Last month very recently traveled~~ to ~~Lower Valley~~ of the ~~Omo~~.<br><br>~~Feel free~~ to ~~surf~~ to ~~my web blog -~~ [http://www.Asininearcade.com/activity/p/49795/ Ec new launch]		To reach selling a home, it is advisable be competent in actual property marketing, legal, financial, operational features, and other knowledge and expertise. This is essential as a result of you'll want to negotiate with more and more refined consumers. It is advisable to outperform opponents, use latest applied sciences, and keep ahead of the quick altering market.<br><br>Professional brokers are readily available if you wish to find an residence for rent in singapore In some instances, landlords will consider you more favourably in case your agent involves them than if you happen to tried to strategy them by yourself. 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	~~In [[mathematics]], the '''Lie–Kolchin theorem''' is a theorem in the [[representation theory]] of [[linear algebraic group]]s; '''Lie's theorem''' is the analog for [[linear Lie algebra]]s.~~		Chiropractor Golden from Provost, has hobbies including country music, property developers in singapore and collecting. Last month very recently traveled to Lower Valley of the Omo.<br><br>Feel free to surf to my web blog - [http://www.Asininearcade.com/activity/p/49795/ Ec new launch]

	~~It states that if ''G'' is a [[connected space\|connected]] and [[solvable group\|solvable]] [[linear algebraic group]] defined over an [[algebraically closed]] [[field (mathematics)\|field]] and~~

	~~:<math>\rho\colon G \to GL(V)</math>~~

	~~a [[group representation\|representation]] on a nonzero finite-dimensional [[vector space]] ''V''~~, ~~then there is a one-dimensional linear subspace ''L'' of ''V'' such that~~

	~~: <math>\rho(G)(L) = L.</math>~~

	~~That is, ρ(''G'')~~ has ~~an invariant line ''L''~~, on which ''G'' therefore acts through a one-dimensional representation. This is equivalent to the statement that ''V'' contains a nonzero vector ''v'' that is a common (simultaneous) eigenvector for all <math> \rho(g), \,\, g \in ~~G </math>~~.

	~~Because every (nonzero finite-dimensional) representation of ''G'' has a one-dimensional invariant subspace according~~ to ~~the Lie–Kolchin theorem, every [[irreducible]] finite-dimensional representation~~ of ~~a connected and solvable linear algebraic group ''G'' has dimension one, which is another way to state~~ the ~~Lie–Kolchin theorem.~~

	Lie's theorem states that any nonzero representation of a solvable Lie algebra on a finite dimensional vector space over an algebraically closed field of characteristic 0 has a one-dimensional invariant subspace.

	The result for Lie algebras was proved by {{harvs\|txt\|authorlink=Sophus Lie\|first=Sophus \|last=Lie\|year=1876}} and for algebraic groups was proved by {{harvs\|txt\|authorlink=Ellis Kolchin\|first=Ellis\|last= Kolchin\|year=1948\|loc=p.19}}.

	~~The [[Borel fixed point theorem]] generalizes the Lie–Kolchin theorem.~~

	~~== Triangularization ==~~
	Sometimes the theorem is also referred to as the ''Lie–Kolchin triangularization theorem'' because by induction it implies that with respect to a suitable basis of ''V'' the image <math>\rho(G)</math> has a ''triangular shape''; in other words, the image group <~~math~~>~~\rho(G)~~<~~/math~~> ~~is conjugate in GL(''n'',''K'') (where ''n'' = dim ''V'')~~ to ~~a subgroup of the group T of [[upper triangular]] matrices, the standard [[Borel subgroup]] of GL(''n'',''K''): the image is [[simultaneously triangularizable]].~~

	~~The theorem applies in particular~~ to ~~a [[Borel subgroup]] of a [[semisimple algebraic group\|semisimple]] [[linear algebraic group]] ''G''.~~

	~~==Lie's theorem==~~

	Lie's theorem states that if ''V'' is a finite dimensional vector space over an algebraically closed field of characteristic 0, then for any solvable Lie algebra of endomorphisms of ''V'' there is a vector that is an eigenvector for every element of the Lie algebra.

	~~Applying this result repeatedly shows that there is a basis for ''V'' such that all elements of the Lie algebra are represented by upper triangular matrices.~~
	This is a generalization of the result of Frobenius that [[commuting matrices]] are simultaneously upper triangularizable, as commuting matrices form an [[abelian Lie algebra]], which is a fortiori solvable.

	~~A consequence of Lie's theorem is that any finite dimensional solvable Lie algebra over a field of characteristic 0 has a nilpotent derived algebra.~~

	~~== Counter~~-~~examples ==~~

	~~If the field ''K'' is not algebraically closed, the theorem can fail. The standard~~ [~~[unit circle]], viewed as the set of [[complex number]]s <math> \{ x+iy \in \mathbb{C} \, \| \, x^2+y^2=1 \} <~~/math> of absolute value one is a one-dimensional commutative (and therefore solvable) [[linear algebraic group]] over the real numbers which has a two-dimensional representation into the [[special orthogonal group]] SO(2) without an invariant (real) line. Here the image <math> \rho(z)</~~math> of <math> z=x+iy </math> is the [[orthogonal matrix]]~~

	~~: <math> \begin{pmatrix} x & y \\ -y & x \end{pmatrix}~~.~~</math>~~

	~~For algebraically closed fields of characteristic ''p''>0 Lie's theorem holds provided the dimension of the representation is less than ''p'', but can fail for representations of dimension ''p''~~. ~~An example is given by the 3-dimensional nilpotent Lie algebra spanned by 1, ''x'', and ''d''~~/~~''dx'' acting on the ''p''-dimensional vector space ''k''[''x'']~~/~~(''x''<sup>''~~p~~''<~~/sup>), which has no eigenvectors. Taking the semidirect product of this 3-dimensional Lie algebra by the ''p''-dimensional representation (considered as an abelian Lie algebra) gives a solvable Lie algebra whose derived algebra is not nilpotent.

	~~==References==~~

	*{{eom\|first=V.V.\|last= Gorbatsevich\|id=l/~~l058710}}~~
	*{{Citation \| last1=Kolchin \| first1=E. R. \| title=Algebraic matric groups and the Picard-Vessiot theory of homogeneous linear ordinary differential equations \| jstor=1969111 \| mr=0024884 \| year=1948 \| journal=[[Annals of Mathematics\|Annals of Mathematics. Second Series]] \| issn=0003-486X \| volume=49 \| pages=1–42}}
	*{{Citation \| last1=Lie \| first1=Sophus \| author1-link=Sophus Lie \| title=Theorie der Transformationsgruppen. Abhandlung II \| url=http://www.archive.org/details/archivformathem02sarsgoog \| year=1876 \| journal=Archiv for Mathematik og Naturvidenskab \| volume=1 \| pages=152–193}}
	*[[William C. Waterhouse]], ''Introduction to Affine Group Schemes'', Graduate Texts in Mathematics vol. 66, Springer Verlag New York, 1979 (chapter 10, in particular section 10.2).

	~~{{DEFAULTSORT:Lie-Kolchin theorem}}~~
	~~[[Category:Lie algebras]]~~
	~~[[Category:Representation theory of algebraic groups]]~~
	~~[[Category:Theorems in representation theory]~~]

en>BattyBot: fixed CS1 errors: dates to meet MOS:DATEFORMAT (also General fixes) using AWB (9846)

2014-01-10T04:10:05Z

fixed CS1 errors: dates to meet MOS:DATEFORMAT (also General fixes) using AWB (9846)

New page

In [[mathematics]], the '''Lie–Kolchin theorem''' is a theorem in the [[representation theory]] of [[linear algebraic group]]s; '''Lie's theorem''' is the analog for [[linear Lie algebra]]s.

It states that if ''G'' is a [[connected space|connected]] and [[solvable group|solvable]] [[linear algebraic group]] defined over an [[algebraically closed]] [[field (mathematics)|field]] and

:<math>\rho\colon G \to GL(V)</math>

a [[group representation|representation]] on a nonzero finite-dimensional [[vector space]] ''V'', then there is a one-dimensional linear subspace ''L'' of ''V'' such that

: <math>\rho(G)(L) = L.</math>

That is, ρ(''G'') has an invariant line ''L'', on which ''G'' therefore acts through a one-dimensional representation. This is equivalent to the statement that ''V'' contains a nonzero vector ''v'' that is a common (simultaneous) eigenvector for all <math> \rho(g), \,\, g \in G </math>.

Because every (nonzero finite-dimensional) representation of ''G'' has a one-dimensional invariant subspace according to the Lie–Kolchin theorem, every [[irreducible]] finite-dimensional representation of a connected and solvable linear algebraic group ''G'' has dimension one, which is another way to state the Lie–Kolchin theorem.

Lie's theorem states that any nonzero representation of a solvable Lie algebra on a finite dimensional vector space over an algebraically closed field of characteristic 0 has a one-dimensional invariant subspace.

The result for Lie algebras was proved by {{harvs|txt|authorlink=Sophus Lie|first=Sophus |last=Lie|year=1876}} and for algebraic groups was proved by {{harvs|txt|authorlink=Ellis Kolchin|first=Ellis|last= Kolchin|year=1948|loc=p.19}}.

The [[Borel fixed point theorem]] generalizes the Lie–Kolchin theorem.

== Triangularization ==
Sometimes the theorem is also referred to as the ''Lie–Kolchin triangularization theorem'' because by induction it implies that with respect to a suitable basis of ''V'' the image <math>\rho(G)</math> has a ''triangular shape''; in other words, the image group <math>\rho(G)</math> is conjugate in GL(''n'',''K'') (where ''n'' = dim ''V'') to a subgroup of the group T of [[upper triangular]] matrices, the standard [[Borel subgroup]] of GL(''n'',''K''): the image is [[simultaneously triangularizable]].

The theorem applies in particular to a [[Borel subgroup]] of a [[semisimple algebraic group|semisimple]] [[linear algebraic group]] ''G''.

==Lie's theorem==

Lie's theorem states that if ''V'' is a finite dimensional vector space over an algebraically closed field of characteristic 0, then for any solvable Lie algebra of endomorphisms of ''V'' there is a vector that is an eigenvector for every element of the Lie algebra.

Applying this result repeatedly shows that there is a basis for ''V'' such that all elements of the Lie algebra are represented by upper triangular matrices.
This is a generalization of the result of Frobenius that [[commuting matrices]] are simultaneously upper triangularizable, as commuting matrices form an [[abelian Lie algebra]], which is a fortiori solvable.

A consequence of Lie's theorem is that any finite dimensional solvable Lie algebra over a field of characteristic 0 has a nilpotent derived algebra.

== Counter-examples ==

If the field ''K'' is not algebraically closed, the theorem can fail. The standard [[unit circle]], viewed as the set of [[complex number]]s <math> \{ x+iy \in \mathbb{C} \, | \, x^2+y^2=1 \} </math> of absolute value one is a one-dimensional commutative (and therefore solvable) [[linear algebraic group]] over the real numbers which has a two-dimensional representation into the [[special orthogonal group]] SO(2) without an invariant (real) line. Here the image <math> \rho(z)</math> of <math> z=x+iy </math> is the [[orthogonal matrix]]

: <math> \begin{pmatrix} x & y \\ -y & x \end{pmatrix}.</math>

For algebraically closed fields of characteristic ''p''>0 Lie's theorem holds provided the dimension of the representation is less than ''p'', but can fail for representations of dimension ''p''. An example is given by the 3-dimensional nilpotent Lie algebra spanned by 1, ''x'', and ''d''/''dx'' acting on the ''p''-dimensional vector space ''k''[''x'']/(''x''<sup>''p''</sup>), which has no eigenvectors. Taking the semidirect product of this 3-dimensional Lie algebra by the ''p''-dimensional representation (considered as an abelian Lie algebra) gives a solvable Lie algebra whose derived algebra is not nilpotent.

==References==

*{{eom|first=V.V.|last= Gorbatsevich|id=l/l058710}}
*{{Citation | last1=Kolchin | first1=E. R. | title=Algebraic matric groups and the Picard-Vessiot theory of homogeneous linear ordinary differential equations | jstor=1969111 | mr=0024884 | year=1948 | journal=[[Annals of Mathematics|Annals of Mathematics. Second Series]] | issn=0003-486X | volume=49 | pages=1–42}}
*{{Citation | last1=Lie | first1=Sophus | author1-link=Sophus Lie | title=Theorie der Transformationsgruppen. Abhandlung II | url=http://www.archive.org/details/archivformathem02sarsgoog | year=1876 | journal=Archiv for Mathematik og Naturvidenskab | volume=1 | pages=152–193}}
*[[William C. Waterhouse]], ''Introduction to Affine Group Schemes'', Graduate Texts in Mathematics vol. 66, Springer Verlag New York, 1979 (chapter 10, in particular section 10.2).

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lie-Kolchin theorem}}
[[Category:Lie algebras]]
[[Category:Representation theory of algebraic groups]]
[[Category:Theorems in representation theory]]