Trapezoidal thread forms - Revision history

en>Glrx: link Shigley

2014-12-27T18:16:30Z

link Shigley

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:16, 27 December 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~{{Use dmy dates\|date=August 2013}}~~		Greetings! I am Myrtle Shroyer. Her family life in Minnesota. I am a meter reader but I plan on altering it. To collect coins is one of the issues I adore most.<br><br>Here is my weblog :: [http://indianrajneet.com/groups/best-strategies-for-keeping-candida-albicans-from-increasing/ indianrajneet.com]
	~~'''Mesopic vision''' is a combination of [[photopic vision]] and [[scotopic vision]] in low but not quite dark lighting situations~~.<ref>Stockman A, Sharpe LT (2006). "Into the twilight zone: the complexities of mesopic vision and luminous efficiency". Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 26: 225–39. PMID 16684149.</ref> Mesopic [[light]] levels range from [[luminance]]s of approximately 0.001 to 3 cd m<sup>−2</sup>. Most night-time outdoor and [[Street light\|traffic lighting]] scenarios are in ~~the mesopic range~~.~~<ref>CIE Publication No. 41. Light as~~ a ~~true visual quantity: principles of measurement. 1978.</ref>~~

	Humans see differently at different light levels. This is because under high light levels typical during the day ([[photopic vision]]), the eye uses [[Cone cell\|cones]] to process light. Under very low light levels, corresponding to moonless nights without electric lighting ([[scotopic vision]]), the eye uses [[Rod cell\|rods]] to process light. At many night-time levels, a combination of both cones and rods supports vision. Photopic vision has excellent color discrimination ability, whereas colors are indiscriminable under scotopic vision. Mesopic vision falls between these two extremes. In most night-time environments, there is ~~enough ambient light at night to prevent true scotopic vision.~~

	~~The effect~~ of ~~switching from cones to rods in processing light is called~~ the ~~"[[Purkinje effect\|Purkinje shift]]". During photopic vision, people are~~ most ~~sensitive to light that is greenish-yellow~~. ~~In scotopic vision, people are more sensitive to light which would appear greenish-blue.~~

	The traditional method of measuring light assumes photopic vision and is often a poor predictor of how a person sees at night. Typically research in this area has focused on improving street and outdoor lighting as well as [[Airport#Lighting\|aviation lighting]].

	Prior to 1951, there was no standard for scotopic [[Photometry (optics)\|photometry]] (light measurement); all measurements were based on the photopic spectral sensitivity function V(λ) which was defined in 1924.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.balkanlight.eu/abstracts_pdf/i11.pdf \|title=(Accessed 09 February 2010) \|format=PDF \|date= \|accessdate=2011-06-09}}<~~/ref~~> In 1951, the [[International Commission on Illumination]] (CIE) established the scotopic luminous efficiency function, V'(λ). However, there was still no system of mesopic photometry. This lack of a proper measurement system can lead to difficulties in relating light measurements under mesopic luminances <~~ref~~>CIE Publication No. 81. Mesopic photometry: history, special problems and practical solutions. 1989.</ref> to visibility. Due to this deficiency, the CIE established a special technical committee (TC 1-58) for collecting the results of mesopic visual performance research.<ref>Yandan Lin, Dahua Chen, Wencheng Chen. "The significance of mesopic visual performance and its use in developing a mesopic photometry system",
	~~''Building and Environment'', Volume 41, Issue 2, February 2006, Pages 117–125.</ref>~~

	Two very similar measurement systems were created to bridge the scotopic and photopic luminous efficiency functions,<ref>Rea M, Bullough J, Freyssinier-Nova J, Bierman A. A proposed unified system of photometry. Lighting Research & Technology 2004; 36(2):85.</ref><ref>Goodman T, Forbes A, Walkey H, Eloholma M, Halonen L, Alferdinck J, Freiding A, Bodrogi P, Varady G, Szalmas A. Mesopic visual efficiency IV: a model with relevance to nighttime driving and other applications. Lighting Research & Technology 2007; 39(4):365.</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/resources/newsroom/pdf/2006/DriverResponseProject.pdf \|title=(Accessed 09 February 2010) \|format=PDF \|date= \|accessdate=2011-06-09}}</ref> creating a unified system of photometry. This new measurement has been well-received because the reliance on V(λ) alone for characterizing night-time light illumination can result in the use of more electric energy than might otherwise be needed. The energy-savings potential of using a new way to measure mesopic lighting scenarios is significant; superior performance could in certain cases be achieved with as much as 30 to 50% reduction in the energy use comparing to the high pressure sodium lights.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/researchAreas/pdf/GrotonFinalReport.pdf \|title=Mesopic Street Lighting Demonstration and Evaluation Final Report for Groton Utilities Groton, Connecticut Prepared by Peter Morante, Lighting Research Center Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute}}</ref>

	~~==Mesopic weighting function==~~
	~~The mesoscopic weighting function at wavelength <math>\lambda</math> can be written as the weighted sum<ref name="visual3d">~~[http://~~www.visual-3d~~.com/~~Education/LightingLessons/Documents~~/~~PhotopicScotopiclumens_4%20_2_.pdf Photopic and Scotopic lumens~~ - ~~4: When the photopic lumen fails us]</ref>~~
	~~:<math>V_m(\lambda) = (1~~-~~x) V'(\lambda) + x V(\lambda)</math>,~~
	where <math>V(\lambda)</math> is the standard photopic weighting function (peaking at 613 lm/W at 555 nm) and <math>V'(\lambda)</math> is the scotopic weighting function (peaking at approx. 1700 lm/W at 507 nm). The parameter <math>x</math> is a function of the photopic [[luminance]] <math>L_p</math>. Various weighting functions are in use, for ~~blue~~-~~heavy and red-heavy light sources, as proposed by two organizations, MOVE and Lighting Research Center (LRC).<ref name="visual3d"/> Some values for <math>x</math> are shown in the table below.~~
	~~{\|class="wikitable"~~
	\|-
	~~! <math>L_p</math>~~
	~~! colspan="2" \| Blue~~-~~heavy~~
	~~! colspan="2" \| Red~~-~~heavy~~
	\|-
	~~! (cd/m<sup>2<~~/~~sup>) \|\| MOVE \|\| LRC \|\| MOVE \|\| LRC~~
	\|-
	~~\| 0~~.~~01 \|\| 0.13 \|\| 0.04 \|\| 0.00 \|\| 0.01~~
	\|-
	~~\| 0.1 \|\| 0.42 \|\| 0.28 \|\| 0.34 \|\| 0.11~~
	\|-
	~~\| 1.0 \|\| 0.70 \|\| 1.00 \|\| 0.68 \|\| 1.00~~
	\|-
	~~\| 10 \|\| 0.98 \|\| 1.00 \|\| 0.98 \|\| 1.00~~
	\|}

	~~==References==~~

	~~{{reflist}}~~

	~~[[Category:Eye]]~~
	~~[[Category:Vision]~~]

en>Darrylh08: /* Acme thread characteristics */square was squared and deleted redundant phrase ~~~~

2014-01-26T04:45:27Z

Acme thread characteristics: square was squared and deleted redundant phrase ~~~~

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:45, 26 January 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~Greetings! I am Myrtle Shroyer~~. ~~North Dakota is where me~~ and ~~my husband reside~~. ~~One~~ of the very ~~very best things~~ in the ~~globe for me~~ is to ~~do aerobics~~ and I'~~ve been doing it~~ for ~~quite~~ a ~~whilst~~. ~~Hiring~~ has been ~~my occupation~~ for ~~some~~ time ~~but I've already applied~~ for ~~an additional 1.~~<br><br>~~Also visit my weblog; std home test [~~[http://~~Www~~.~~youporn~~-~~Nederlandse~~.com/~~user~~/~~CMidgett simply click~~ the ~~next web page~~]]		{{Use dmy dates\|date=August 2013}}
			'''Mesopic vision''' is a combination of [[photopic vision]] and [[scotopic vision]] in low but not quite dark lighting situations.<ref>Stockman A, Sharpe LT (2006). "Into the twilight zone: the complexities of mesopic vision and luminous efficiency". Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 26: 225–39. PMID 16684149.</ref> Mesopic [[light]] levels range from [[luminance]]s of approximately 0.001 to 3 cd m<sup>−2</sup>. Most night-time outdoor and [[Street light\|traffic lighting]] scenarios are in the mesopic range.<ref>CIE Publication No. 41. Light as a true visual quantity: principles of measurement. 1978.</ref>

			Humans see differently at different light levels. This is because under high light levels typical during the day ([[photopic vision]]), the eye uses [[Cone cell\|cones]] to process light. Under very low light levels, corresponding to moonless nights without electric lighting ([[scotopic vision]]), the eye uses [[Rod cell\|rods]] to process light. At many night-time levels, a combination of both cones and rods supports vision. Photopic vision has excellent color discrimination ability, whereas colors are indiscriminable under scotopic vision. Mesopic vision falls between these two extremes. In most night-time environments, there is enough ambient light at night to prevent true scotopic vision.

			The effect of switching from cones to rods in processing light is called the "[[Purkinje effect\|Purkinje shift]]". During photopic vision, people are most sensitive to light that is greenish-yellow. In scotopic vision, people are more sensitive to light which would appear greenish-blue.

			The traditional method of measuring light assumes photopic vision and is often a poor predictor of how a person sees at night. Typically research in this area has focused on improving street and outdoor lighting as well as [[Airport#Lighting\|aviation lighting]].

			Prior to 1951, there was no standard for scotopic [[Photometry (optics)\|photometry]] (light measurement); all measurements were based on the photopic spectral sensitivity function V(λ) which was defined in 1924.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.balkanlight.eu/abstracts_pdf/i11.pdf \|title=(Accessed 09 February 2010) \|format=PDF \|date= \|accessdate=2011-06-09}}</ref> In 1951, the [[International Commission on Illumination]] (CIE) established the scotopic luminous efficiency function, V'(λ). However, there was still no system of mesopic photometry. This lack of a proper measurement system can lead to difficulties in relating light measurements under mesopic luminances <ref>CIE Publication No. 81. Mesopic photometry: history, special problems and practical solutions. 1989.</ref> to visibility. Due to this deficiency, the CIE established a special technical committee (TC 1-58) for collecting the results of mesopic visual performance research.<ref>Yandan Lin, Dahua Chen, Wencheng Chen. "The significance of mesopic visual performance and its use in developing a mesopic photometry system",
			''Building and Environment'', Volume 41, Issue 2, February 2006, Pages 117–125.</ref>

			Two very similar measurement systems were created to bridge the scotopic and photopic luminous efficiency functions,<ref>Rea M, Bullough J, Freyssinier-Nova J, Bierman A. A proposed unified system of photometry. Lighting Research & Technology 2004; 36(2):85.</ref><ref>Goodman T, Forbes A, Walkey H, Eloholma M, Halonen L, Alferdinck J, Freiding A, Bodrogi P, Varady G, Szalmas A. Mesopic visual efficiency IV: a model with relevance to nighttime driving and other applications. Lighting Research & Technology 2007; 39(4):365.</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/resources/newsroom/pdf/2006/DriverResponseProject.pdf \|title=(Accessed 09 February 2010) \|format=PDF \|date= \|accessdate=2011-06-09}}</ref> creating a unified system of photometry. This new measurement has been well-received because the reliance on V(λ) alone for characterizing night-time light illumination can result in the use of more electric energy than might otherwise be needed. The energy-savings potential of using a new way to measure mesopic lighting scenarios is significant; superior performance could in certain cases be achieved with as much as 30 to 50% reduction in the energy use comparing to the high pressure sodium lights.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/researchAreas/pdf/GrotonFinalReport.pdf \|title=Mesopic Street Lighting Demonstration and Evaluation Final Report for Groton Utilities Groton, Connecticut Prepared by Peter Morante, Lighting Research Center Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute}}</ref>

			==Mesopic weighting function==
			The mesoscopic weighting function at wavelength <math>\lambda</math> can be written as the weighted sum<ref name="visual3d">[http://www.visual-3d.com/Education/LightingLessons/Documents/PhotopicScotopiclumens_4%20_2_.pdf Photopic and Scotopic lumens - 4: When the photopic lumen fails us]</ref>
			:<math>V_m(\lambda) = (1-x) V'(\lambda) + x V(\lambda)</math>,
			where <math>V(\lambda)</math> is the standard photopic weighting function (peaking at 613 lm/W at 555 nm) and <math>V'(\lambda)</math> is the scotopic weighting function (peaking at approx. 1700 lm/W at 507 nm). The parameter <math>x</math> is a function of the photopic [[luminance]] <math>L_p</math>. Various weighting functions are in use, for blue-heavy and red-heavy light sources, as proposed by two organizations, MOVE and Lighting Research Center (LRC).<ref name="visual3d"/> Some values for <math>x</math> are shown in the table below.
			{\|class="wikitable"
			\|-
			! <math>L_p</math>
			! colspan="2" \| Blue-heavy
			! colspan="2" \| Red-heavy
			\|-
			! (cd/m<sup>2</sup>) \|\| MOVE \|\| LRC \|\| MOVE \|\| LRC
			\|-
			\| 0.01 \|\| 0.13 \|\| 0.04 \|\| 0.00 \|\| 0.01
			\|-
			\| 0.1 \|\| 0.42 \|\| 0.28 \|\| 0.34 \|\| 0.11
			\|-
			\| 1.0 \|\| 0.70 \|\| 1.00 \|\| 0.68 \|\| 1.00
			\|-
			\| 10 \|\| 0.98 \|\| 1.00 \|\| 0.98 \|\| 1.00
			\|}

			==References==

			{{reflist}}

			[[Category:Eye]]
			[[Category:Vision]]

en>SreejanAlapati: /* Acme thread characteristics */

2012-09-02T15:13:09Z

Acme thread characteristics

New page

Greetings! I am Myrtle Shroyer. North Dakota is where me and my husband reside. One of the very very best things in the globe for me is to do aerobics and I've been doing it for quite a whilst. Hiring has been my occupation for some time but I've already applied for an additional 1.<br><br>Also visit my weblog; std home test [[http://Www.youporn-Nederlandse.com/user/CMidgett simply click the next web page]]