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2014-11-18T20:22:45Z

tlaplus.net is dead https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!topic/tlaplus/DIjcTMmZTx8

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	~~In [[thermodynamics]] and [[fluid mechanics]]~~, '''stagnation temperature''' is the [[temperature]] at a [[stagnation point]] in a fluid flow. At a stagnation point the speed of the fluid is zero and all of the [[kinetic energy]] has been converted to [[internal energy]] (adiabatically) and is added to the local [[Enthalpy\|static enthalpy]]. In [[incompressible flow\|incompressible fluid flow]], and ~~in [[isentropic]] [[compressible flow]], the stagnation temperature is equal to the ''total temperature'' at all points on the streamline leading to the stagnation point.~~		46 year old Geophysicist Issac from Beaverton, really likes puppetry, free coins fifa 14 hack and tombstone rubbing. Was recently visiting Historic Centre of Macao.<br><br>Here is my web blog: [https://youtube.com/watch?v=HSoNAvTIeEc fifa 14 hacking tool]
	~~<ref>Van Wylen and Sonntag, ''Fundamentals of Classical Thermodynamics'', section 14.1</ref> See [[gas dynamics]].~~

	~~==Derivation==~~

	~~===Adiabatic===~~
	~~Stagnation temperature can be derived from the [[First Law of Thermodynamics]]~~. ~~Applying the Steady Flow Energy Equation~~
	~~<ref>Van Wylen and Sonntag, ''Fundamentals~~ of ~~Classical Thermodynamics'', equation 5~~.~~50</ref> and ignoring the work, heat and gravitational potential energy terms, we have:~~

	~~:<math>h_0 = h + \frac{V^2}{2}\,~~<~~/math~~>

	~~where:~~

	:<~~math~~>~~h_0 =\,</math> stagnation (or total) enthalpy at a stagnation point~~

	~~:<math>h =\,</math> static enthalpy at the point of interest along the stagnation streamline~~

	~~:<math>V =\,</math> velocity at the point of interest along the stagnation streamline~~

	~~Substituting for enthalpy by assuming a constant specific heat capacity at constant pressure (<math>h = C_p T</math>) we have:~~

	~~:<math>T_0 = T + \frac{V^2}{2C_p}\,</math>~~

	or

	~~:<math>\frac{T_0}{T} = 1+\frac{\gamma-1}{2}M^2\,</math>~~

	~~where:~~

	~~:<math>C_p =\,</math> [[specific heat capacity]] at constant pressure~~

	~~:<math>T_0 =\,</math> stagnation (or total) temperature at a stagnation point~~

	~~:<math>T =\,</math> temperature (or static temperature) at the point of interest along the stagnation streamline~~

	~~:<math>V = \,</math> velocity at the point of interest along the stagnation streamline~~

	:~~<math>M =\,</math> Mach number at the point of interest along the stagnation streamline~~

	~~:<math>\gamma =\,</math> [~~[~~Heat capacity ratio\|Ratio of Specific Heats]] (<math>C_p/C_v</math>), ~1.4 for air at ~300 K~~

	~~===Flow with Heat Addition===~~
	:~~<math>h_{02} = h_{01} + q <~~/~~math>~~
	~~:<math>T_{02} = T_{01} + \frac{q}{C_p} <~~/~~math>~~
	~~:q = Heat per unit mass added into the system~~

	~~Strictly speaking, enthalpy is a function of both temperature and density. However, invoking the common assumption of a calorically perfect gas, enthalpy can~~
	~~be converted directly into temperature as given above, which enables one to define a stagnation temperature in terms of the more fundamental property,~~
	~~stagnation enthalpy.~~

	Stagnation properties (e.g. stagnation temperature, stagnation pressure) are useful in [[jet engine]] performance calculations. In engine operations, stagnation temperature is often called [[total air temperature]]. A bimetallic thermocouple is often used to measure stagnation temperature, but allowances for thermal radiation must be made.

	~~==Solar Thermal Collectors==~~
	Solar Thermal Collector performance testing utilizes the term stagnation temperature to indicate the maximum achievable collector temperature with a stagnant fluid (no motion), an ambient temperature of 30C, and incident solar radiation of 1000W/~~m^2. The aforementioned figures are just arbitrary values and do possess any true meaning without a proper context.~~

	=~~=See also==~~
	*[[Stagnation point]]
	*[[Stagnation pressure]]
	*[[Total air temperature]]

	~~==References==~~
	*Van Wylen, G.J., and Sonntag, R.E. (1965), ''Fundamentals of Classical Thermodynamics'', John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York

	~~{{Reflist}}~~

	~~[[Category:Fluid dynamics]~~]

en>BattyBot: /* References */ fixed reference template

2013-07-24T16:40:07Z

References: fixed reference template

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:40, 24 July 2013
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	It is ~~very common to have~~ a ~~dental emergency --~~ a ~~fractured tooth, an abscess, or severe pain when chewing~~. ~~Over-~~the~~-counter pain medication~~ is ~~just masking~~ the ~~problem~~. ~~Seeing an emergency dentist~~ is ~~critical~~ to ~~getting~~ the ~~source~~ of the ~~problem diagnosed~~ and ~~corrected as soon as possible~~.<br><br><br><br>~~Here are some common dental emergencies~~:<br>~~Toothache: The most common dental emergency. This generally means a badly decayed tooth. As~~ the ~~pain affects~~ the ~~tooth's nerve~~, ~~treatment involves gently removing any debris lodged in~~ the ~~cavity being careful not to poke deep as this will cause severe pain if the nerve is touched. Next rinse vigorously with warm water. Then soak a small piece~~ of ~~cotton in oil of cloves and insert it in~~ the ~~cavity. This will give temporary relief until~~ a ~~dentist can be reached.~~<br><br>~~At times the pain may~~ have ~~a more obscure location such as decay under an old filling. As this can be only corrected by a dentist there are two things you can do to help the pain. Administer a pain pill~~ (~~aspirin~~ or ~~some other analgesic~~) ~~internally or dissolve~~ a ~~tablet in a half glass~~ (~~4 oz~~) of ~~warm water holding it in~~ the ~~mouth for several minutes before spitting it out. DO NOT PLACE A WHOLE TABLET OR ANY PART OF IT IN THE TOOTH OR AGAINST THE SOFT GUM TISSUE AS IT WILL RESULT IN A NASTY BURN.~~<br><br>~~Swollen Jaw: This may be caused by several conditions~~ the ~~most probable being an abscessed tooth. In any case~~ the ~~treatment should be to reduce pain and swelling. An ice pack held on~~ the ~~outside~~ of the ~~jaw~~, (~~ten minutes on and ten minutes off) will take care of both. If this does not control the pain, an analgesic tablet can be given every four hours.~~<br><br>~~Other Oral Injuries: Broken teeth~~, ~~cut lips, bitten tongue or lips if severe means a trip to a dentist as soon as possible~~. ~~In the mean time rinse the mouth~~ with warm water and place cold compression the face opposite the injury. If there is a lot of bleeding, apply direct pressure to the bleeding area. If bleeding does not stop get patient to the emergency room of a hospital as stitches may be necessary.<br><br>~~Prolonged Bleeding Following Extraction~~: Place a gauze pad or better still a moistened tea bag over the socket and have the patient bite down gently on it for 30 to 45 minutes. The tannic acid in the tea seeps into the tissues and often helps stop the bleeding. If bleeding continues after two hours, call the dentist or take patient to the emergency room of the nearest hospital.<br><br>~~Broken Jaw~~: ~~If you suspect~~ the ~~patient's jaw~~ is ~~broken, bring the upper~~ and ~~lower teeth together~~. ~~Put a necktie~~, ~~handkerchief or towel under~~ the ~~chin, tying it over the head to immobilize the jaw until you can get the patient to a dentist or the emergency room~~ of a ~~hospital.<br><br>Painful Erupting Tooth: In young children teething pain can come from a loose baby tooth or from an erupting permanent tooth. Some relief~~ can be given ~~by crushing~~ a ~~little ice and wrapping it~~ in ~~gauze or a clean piece~~ of ~~cloth and putting it directly on~~ the ~~tooth or gum tissue where it hurts~~. ~~The numbing effect of the cold~~, ~~along with an appropriate dose of aspirin, usually provides temporary relief~~.~~<br><br>~~In ~~young adults~~, ~~an erupting 3rd molar (Wisdom tooth), especially if it~~ is ~~impacted~~, ~~can cause the jaw to swell and~~ be ~~quite painful~~. ~~Often~~ the ~~gum around~~ the ~~tooth will show signs~~ of ~~infection~~. ~~Temporary relief can be had by giving aspirin or some other painkiller~~ and ~~by dissolving an aspirin in half~~ a ~~glass of warm water~~ and ~~holding this solution in the mouth over the sore gum~~. ~~AGAIN DO NOT PLACE A TABLET DIRECTLY OVER THE GUM OR CHEEK OR USE THE ASPIRIN SOLUTION ANY STRONGER THAN RECOMMENDED TO PREVENT BURNING THE TISSUE~~. ~~The swelling~~ of ~~the jaw can be reduced by using an ice pack on the outside of the face at intervals of ten minutes on and ten minutes off~~.~~<br><br>If you treasured this article and you would like to get more info regarding~~ [~~http~~:~~//www.youtube.com/watch?v=90z1mmiwNS8 dentist DC~~] ~~generously visit our website.~~		In [[thermodynamics]] and [[fluid mechanics]], '''stagnation temperature''' is the [[temperature]] at a [[stagnation point]] in a fluid flow. At a stagnation point the speed of the fluid is zero and all of the [[kinetic energy]] has been converted to [[internal energy]] (adiabatically) and is added to the local [[Enthalpy\|static enthalpy]]. In [[incompressible flow\|incompressible fluid flow]], and in [[isentropic]] [[compressible flow]], the stagnation temperature is equal to the ''total temperature'' at all points on the streamline leading to the stagnation point.
			<ref>Van Wylen and Sonntag, ''Fundamentals of Classical Thermodynamics'', section 14.1</ref> See [[gas dynamics]].

			==Derivation==

			===Adiabatic===
			Stagnation temperature can be derived from the [[First Law of Thermodynamics]]. Applying the Steady Flow Energy Equation
			<ref>Van Wylen and Sonntag, ''Fundamentals of Classical Thermodynamics'', equation 5.50</ref> and ignoring the work, heat and gravitational potential energy terms, we have:

			:<math>h_0 = h + \frac{V^2}{2}\,</math>

			where:

			:<math>h_0 =\,</math> stagnation (or total) enthalpy at a stagnation point

			:<math>h =\,</math> static enthalpy at the point of interest along the stagnation streamline

			:<math>V =\,</math> velocity at the point of interest along the stagnation streamline

			Substituting for enthalpy by assuming a constant specific heat capacity at constant pressure (<math>h = C_p T</math>) we have:

			:<math>T_0 = T + \frac{V^2}{2C_p}\,</math>

			or

			:<math>\frac{T_0}{T} = 1+\frac{\gamma-1}{2}M^2\,</math>

			where:

			:<math>C_p =\,</math> [[specific heat capacity]] at constant pressure

			:<math>T_0 =\,</math> stagnation (or total) temperature at a stagnation point

			:<math>T =\,</math> temperature (or static temperature) at the point of interest along the stagnation streamline

			:<math>V = \,</math> velocity at the point of interest along the stagnation streamline

			:<math>M =\,</math> Mach number at the point of interest along the stagnation streamline

			:<math>\gamma =\,</math> [[Heat capacity ratio\|Ratio of Specific Heats]] (<math>C_p/C_v</math>), ~1.4 for air at ~300 K

			===Flow with Heat Addition===
			:<math>h_{02} = h_{01} + q </math>
			:<math>T_{02} = T_{01} + \frac{q}{C_p} </math>
			:q = Heat per unit mass added into the system

			Strictly speaking, enthalpy is a function of both temperature and density. However, invoking the common assumption of a calorically perfect gas, enthalpy can
			be converted directly into temperature as given above, which enables one to define a stagnation temperature in terms of the more fundamental property,
			stagnation enthalpy.

			Stagnation properties (e.g. stagnation temperature, stagnation pressure) are useful in [[jet engine]] performance calculations. In engine operations, stagnation temperature is often called [[total air temperature]]. A bimetallic thermocouple is often used to measure stagnation temperature, but allowances for thermal radiation must be made.

			==Solar Thermal Collectors==
			Solar Thermal Collector performance testing utilizes the term stagnation temperature to indicate the maximum achievable collector temperature with a stagnant fluid (no motion), an ambient temperature of 30C, and incident solar radiation of 1000W/m^2. The aforementioned figures are just arbitrary values and do possess any true meaning without a proper context.

			==See also==
			*[[Stagnation point]]
			*[[Stagnation pressure]]
			*[[Total air temperature]]

			==References==
			*Van Wylen, G.J., and Sonntag, R.E. (1965), ''Fundamentals of Classical Thermodynamics'', John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York

			{{Reflist}}

			[[Category:Fluid dynamics]]

82.234.148.121: /* Editors */

2012-05-05T17:19:18Z

Editors

New page

It is very common to have a dental emergency -- a fractured tooth, an abscess, or severe pain when chewing. Over-the-counter pain medication is just masking the problem. Seeing an emergency dentist is critical to getting the source of the problem diagnosed and corrected as soon as possible. Here are some common dental emergencies: Toothache: The most common dental emergency. This generally means a badly decayed tooth. As the pain affects the tooth's nerve, treatment involves gently removing any debris lodged in the cavity being careful not to poke deep as this will cause severe pain if the nerve is touched. Next rinse vigorously with warm water. Then soak a small piece of cotton in oil of cloves and insert it in the cavity. This will give temporary relief until a dentist can be reached. At times the pain may have a more obscure location such as decay under an old filling. As this can be only corrected by a dentist there are two things you can do to help the pain. Administer a pain pill (aspirin or some other analgesic) internally or dissolve a tablet in a half glass (4 oz) of warm water holding it in the mouth for several minutes before spitting it out. DO NOT PLACE A WHOLE TABLET OR ANY PART OF IT IN THE TOOTH OR AGAINST THE SOFT GUM TISSUE AS IT WILL RESULT IN A NASTY BURN. Swollen Jaw: This may be caused by several conditions the most probable being an abscessed tooth. In any case the treatment should be to reduce pain and swelling. An ice pack held on the outside of the jaw, (ten minutes on and ten minutes off) will take care of both. If this does not control the pain, an analgesic tablet can be given every four hours. Other Oral Injuries: Broken teeth, cut lips, bitten tongue or lips if severe means a trip to a dentist as soon as possible. In the mean time rinse the mouth with warm water and place cold compression the face opposite the injury. If there is a lot of bleeding, apply direct pressure to the bleeding area. If bleeding does not stop get patient to the emergency room of a hospital as stitches may be necessary. Prolonged Bleeding Following Extraction: Place a gauze pad or better still a moistened tea bag over the socket and have the patient bite down gently on it for 30 to 45 minutes. The tannic acid in the tea seeps into the tissues and often helps stop the bleeding. If bleeding continues after two hours, call the dentist or take patient to the emergency room of the nearest hospital. Broken Jaw: If you suspect the patient's jaw is broken, bring the upper and lower teeth together. Put a necktie, handkerchief or towel under the chin, tying it over the head to immobilize the jaw until you can get the patient to a dentist or the emergency room of a hospital. Painful Erupting Tooth: In young children teething pain can come from a loose baby tooth or from an erupting permanent tooth. Some relief can be given by crushing a little ice and wrapping it in gauze or a clean piece of cloth and putting it directly on the tooth or gum tissue where it hurts. The numbing effect of the cold, along with an appropriate dose of aspirin, usually provides temporary relief. In young adults, an erupting 3rd molar (Wisdom tooth), especially if it is impacted, can cause the jaw to swell and be quite painful. Often the gum around the tooth will show signs of infection. Temporary relief can be had by giving aspirin or some other painkiller and by dissolving an aspirin in half a glass of warm water and holding this solution in the mouth over the sore gum. AGAIN DO NOT PLACE A TABLET DIRECTLY OVER THE GUM OR CHEEK OR USE THE ASPIRIN SOLUTION ANY STRONGER THAN RECOMMENDED TO PREVENT BURNING THE TISSUE. The swelling of the jaw can be reduced by using an ice pack on the outside of the face at intervals of ten minutes on and ten minutes off. If you treasured this article and you would like to get more info regarding [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=90z1mmiwNS8 dentist DC] generously visit our website.