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	<title>Surjunctive group - Revision history</title>
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	<updated>2026-08-05T20:01:51Z</updated>
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		<id>https://en.formulasearchengine.com/w/index.php?title=Surjunctive_group&amp;diff=28278&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>en&gt;David Eppstein: /* References */ split off the two different kinds of references</title>
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		<updated>2013-09-17T07:04:32Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;References: &lt;/span&gt; split off the two different kinds of references&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;New page&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;The &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Cornish–Fisher expansion&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; is a mathematical expression used to approximate the [[quantile]]s of a [[random variable]] based only on its first few [[cumulant]]s.&amp;lt;ref name=Cornish1937&amp;gt;Cornish EA and Fisher RA (1938) Moments and cumulants in the specification of distributions. Revue de l’Institut Internat. de Statistique. 5: 307–322&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=Fisher1960&amp;gt;Fisher RA and Cornish EA (1960) The percentile points of distributions having known cumulants. Technometrics 2: 209–225&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=Abramowitz1985&amp;gt;Abramowitz M and Stegun I (1965) Handbook of mathematical functions, with formulas, graphs and mathematical tables. Dover Publications, New York&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Definition==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Let &amp;#039;&amp;#039;x&amp;#039;&amp;#039; be a random variable with a density function &amp;#039;&amp;#039;f&amp;#039;&amp;#039;(&amp;#039;&amp;#039;x&amp;#039;&amp;#039;) with a mean of zero and a variance of 1. Let &amp;#039;&amp;#039;β&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; be the [[skewness]] of this distribution and let &amp;#039;&amp;#039;β&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; be its [[kurtosis]]. Let &amp;#039;&amp;#039;z&amp;#039;&amp;#039; be a normally distributed random variable and let &amp;#039;&amp;#039;z&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;α&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; be the value of &amp;#039;&amp;#039;z&amp;#039;&amp;#039; at the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;α&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;th&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; percentile.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As an illustration of this last definition when &amp;#039;&amp;#039;α&amp;#039;&amp;#039; = 0.95, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;z&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;α&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;  = 1.96&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Then&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
: &amp;lt;math&amp;gt; \omega_\alpha = z_\alpha + \frac{ 1 }{ 6 }( z_\alpha^2 - 1 ) \beta_1 + \frac{ 1 }{ 24 }(z_\alpha^3 - 3 z_\alpha )( \beta_2 - 3 ) - \frac{ 1 }{ 36 }( 2 z_\alpha^3 - 5 z_\alpha ) \beta_1^2 - \frac{ 1 }{ 24 } ( z_\alpha^4 - 5 z_\alpha^2 + 2 ) \beta_1 ( \beta_2 - 3 ) &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
where &amp;#039;&amp;#039;ω&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;α&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; is the corresponding value for &amp;#039;&amp;#039;f&amp;#039;&amp;#039;(&amp;#039;&amp;#039;x&amp;#039;&amp;#039;).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cornish-Fisher expansion}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Logical expressions]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Statistical deviation and dispersion]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>en&gt;David Eppstein</name></author>
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