Succinct game - Revision history

137.205.238.117: /* Summary of complexities of finding equilibria */

2014-12-04T15:43:13Z

Summary of complexities of finding equilibria

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:43, 4 December 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~[[File:Definition of equivalent width~~.~~jpg\|thumb\|A diagram indicating~~ the ~~equivalent width corresponding~~ to the ~~absorption line, which~~ is ~~shown in red~~.]]		The most typical lock fixed in all conventional pocket knives is the one that offers approach when strain is utilized on the blade. Springs are fitted within the pivot to resist stress that's generated when the knife is used. To shut the blade, all it's important [http://www.thebestpocketknifereviews.com/bear-grylls-paracord-knife-review/ The Best Pocket Knife Reviews] to do is press the unsharpened facet of the blade and the blade will come free and fold into the deal with. 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	~~The~~ '~~''equivalent width''' of a~~ [~~[spectral line]~~] is ~~a measure~~ of the ~~area of~~ the ~~line on a plot of~~ [~~[luminous intensity\|intensity~~]~~] versus [[wavelength]]. It is found~~ by ~~forming a rectangle with a height equal to that of continuum emission~~, ~~and finding~~ the ~~width such that the area~~ of the ~~rectangle is equal to~~ the ~~area in~~ the ~~spectral line~~. It is ~~a measure of~~ the ~~strength of spectral features that~~ is ~~primarily used in [[astronomy]]~~.~~<ref name = "co">{{cite book \| author = Carroll, Bradley; Ostlie, Dale \| title = An Introduction~~ to ~~Modern Astrophysics \| publisher = Pearson Addison-Wesley \| year = 2007 \| isbn = 0-321-44284-9 \| url =~~ http://~~books~~.~~google~~.~~com~~/~~books?id=zaSpQgAACAAJ}}<~~/~~ref>~~

	~~==Definition==~~
	~~Formally~~, the ~~equivalent width is given by~~ the ~~equation~~

	<~~math~~>~~W_\lambda = \int (1 - F_\lambda / F_0) d\lambda~~<~~/math~~>.~~<ref name = "formation_of_stars">{{cite book \| author = Stahler~~, ~~Steven; Palla, Francesco \| title =~~ The ~~Formation~~ of ~~Stars \| publisher = Wiley-VCH \| isbn = 3-527-40559-3 \| year = 2004 \| url =~~ http://~~books~~.~~google~~.~~com~~/~~books?id=Cx98QgAACAAJ}}<~~/~~ref>~~

	~~Here~~, ~~<math>F_0</math> represents~~ the ~~continuum intensity on either side~~ of the ~~[[absorption (electromagnetic radiation)\|absorption]] (or [[emission (electromagnetic radiation)\|emission]]) feature~~, ~~while~~ <~~math~~>~~F_\lambda~~<~~/math~~> ~~represents~~ the ~~intensity across~~ the ~~entire wavelength range~~ of ~~interest~~. ~~Then <math>W_\lambda</math> represents~~ the ~~width of~~ a ~~hypothetical line which drops~~ to ~~an intensity of zero~~ and ~~has~~ the ~~"same integrated flux deficit from the continuum as the true one~~.~~"<ref name="formation_of_stars"/> This equation can be applied to either emission or absorption,~~ but ~~when applied~~ to ~~emission, the value of~~ <~~math~~>~~W_\lambda~~<~~/math~~> ~~is negative~~, and so the ~~absolute value is used.~~

	~~==Applications==~~
	~~The equivalent width is used as a quantitative measure~~ of the ~~strength of spectral features~~. ~~The equivalent width is a convenient choice because~~ the ~~shapes~~ of ~~spectral features can vary depending upon~~ the ~~configuration~~ of the ~~system which is producing~~ the ~~lines. For instance,~~ the ~~line may experience [[Doppler broadening]] due~~ to ~~motions of~~ the ~~gas emitting the photons. The photons will~~ be ~~shifted away from~~ the ~~line center, thus rendering~~ the ~~height of~~ the ~~emission line a poor measure of its overall strength~~. The ~~equivalent width, on the other hand, "measures the fraction~~ of ~~energy removed from~~ the ~~spectrum by~~ the ~~line," regardless of~~ the ~~broadening intrinsic~~ to ~~the line or~~ a ~~detector with poor [[spectral resolution\|resolution]]~~.~~<ref name="spitzer">{{cite book \| author = Spitzer, Lyman \| title = Physical Processes in~~ the ~~Interstellar Medium \| publisher = Wiley-VCH \| year = 1998 \| isbn = 0-471-02232-2 \| url =~~ http://~~books~~.~~google~~.~~com~~/~~books?id=YPG3AAAAIAAJ}}<~~/~~ref> Thus~~ the ~~equivalent width can in many conditions yield the number~~ of ~~absorbing or emitting atoms~~.~~<ref name = "co"/>~~

	~~For example, measurements~~ of the ~~equivalent width~~ of ~~the [[Balmer series\|Balmer alpha]] transition in [[T Tauri star]]s are used in order to classify individual T Tauri stars as being classical or [[Weak-lined T Tauri star\|weak-lined]]~~.<~~ref name="formation_of_stars"/~~> ~~Also, the equivalent width is used in studying [[star formation]] in [[Lyman series\|Lyman alpha]] [[galaxy\|galaxies]],~~ as ~~the equivalent width~~ of ~~the Lyman alpha line~~ is ~~related~~ to ~~the star formation rate in the galaxy~~.~~<ref name="lae">{{cite journal \| doi = 10~~.~~1111~~/j.~~1365-2966~~.~~2009~~.~~15859~~.~~x \| author = Dijkstra, Mark; Westra, Eduard \| title = Star formation indicators~~ and ~~line equivalent width in Lya galaxies \| journal = Monthly Notices~~ of ~~the Royal Astronomical Society \| volume = 401 \| issue = 4 \| pages = 2343–2348 \| year = 2010 \| bibcode = 2010MNRAS~~.~~401~~.~~2343D\|arxiv = 0911~~.~~1357 }}~~<~~/ref~~> ~~The equivalent width is also used in many other situations where~~ a ~~quantitative comparison between line strengths is needed~~.

	~~==References==~~
	~~{{reflist}}~~

	~~==External links==~~
	*[http://astronomy.~~swin~~.~~edu.au/cms/astro/cosmos/E/Equivalent+Width Equivalent Width in~~ the ~~SAO Encyclopedia~~ of ~~Astronomy]~~

	~~[[Category:Emission spectroscopy]]~~
	~~[[Category:Astrochemistry]]~~

en>Monkbot: /* Notes */Fix CS1 deprecated date parameter errors

2014-01-30T11:58:31Z

Notes: Fix CS1 deprecated date parameter errors

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:58, 30 January 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~Professionals and specialist chefs frequently pooh-pooh knife sets~~, ~~saying you only seriously want 3 knives~~ in ~~your kitchen:~~ a ~~chef's knife~~ , [http://~~mondediplo~~.com/~~spip.php~~?~~page~~=~~recherche&recherche~~=~~paring+knife paring knife] and serrated bread knife - all of which are covered in their personal sections in this report. At just more than 50~~, ~~this~~ is ~~an incredible contemporary whetstone set up and will suit any person~~ the ~~prefers to sharpen their kitchen knives and blades the old fashioned way~~. ~~Kitchen knives - kitchen knife set~~, ~~japanese kitchen~~, ~~Shop a full selection~~ of ~~kitchen knives & knife sets at from brands like wusthof & j.a. henckels. The a lot more sophisticated knife [~~http://~~www~~.~~Alexa~~.com/~~search~~?q=~~sharpeners&r=topsites_index&p=bigtop sharpeners] also have far better equipment to sharpen you knives~~, ~~like diamond hone disks.~~<br><br>~~My CUTCO~~ (~~full~~) ~~set was bought in 1966 and I Nevertheless USE IT. Of course~~, ~~right after 4 young children and 40 years, it's not all there, but it is nonetheless~~ the ~~ONLY KNIVES I WILL EVER USE. As one more here has already mentioned, The Chef's knife is~~ the ~~One particular AND ONLY Cutco knife I never use, for the reason that after you use the Double D blade you in no way go back. One particular knife had a defect and broke though slicing cheese~~.<br><br>~~You can get~~ a ~~4 piece, six piece or eight piece set based on your requirements and number of folks in your household. It is vital~~ to ~~try to remember that a lot of~~ of the ~~knife brands that I will name right here have a number of lines that they make. Wusthofs are priced affordably which makes them a tremendous value,~~ as ~~Wusthof have set~~ the ~~excellent bar for which all other knife makers aim~~. ~~For this you get a Chef Knife~~, ~~a Utility Knife~~, ~~and a Paring knife.~~<br><br>~~The handle should really really feel comfortable~~ and the ~~knife itself should really balance effectively in the hand~~. ~~I was normally searching for~~ a ~~knife that would cut my steak rather~~ of ~~ripping it apart my Cutco knives are just as sharp now as they have been 12 years ago~~. The ~~knife blade continues via~~ the ~~complete deal with and~~ is ~~riveted to~~ the ~~deal with on both sides~~, ~~which is a good function for adding strength~~ to the ~~knife. I have never ever had~~ the ~~knife set sharpened but, so I carrying out effectively~~. The ~~Worldwide G-2 is also a stamped knife.<br><br>Most knife handles today are produced~~ from a ~~composite material rather~~ of ~~wood and are ergonomically developed for comfort~~. ~~Consider~~ the ~~distinctive tasks you will be performing with your knife such as slicing~~, ~~dicing and chopping. The weighting~~ of ~~your knife ought to be equal~~ from ~~tip~~ to ~~handle. I am 1 of those guys that have 1 knife for all occasions and it is~~ the ~~BUCK knife I got as~~ a ~~present from an old boss of mine~~.<br>~~<br>I need to also mention that if you are interested~~ in ~~building garnishes with a knife designed for peeling and cutting round vegetables like Brussels sprouts, modest potatoes or beets, a birds beak paring knife might be a good addition to your kitchen~~. ~~The size of fillet knife you decide on should really rely on what size fish you fillet most frequently. I will have to study this lens again, knife by knife so that I comprehend what I'm performing~~.<br>~~<br>You ought to know which knife is to be applied and in what order. For that you require to have a very good set of cutlery set. There are different forms of knives~~ can ~~be purchased separately or~~ in ~~a set. Sean Gill is an knowledgeable Content writer and publisher for Picking~~ the ~~Most effective Cookware Set for Your Residence. Stop by at to know much more about cutlery and Cutlery Set. I waited lots~~ of~~, many years to lastly get a Genuinely Terrific Knife~~.<~~br><br~~>For ~~a good set~~ of ~~Japanese chef knives which~~ are ~~handcrafted and popularly employed~~ in ~~restaurants and hotels about the globe, you ought~~ to ~~count on to commit anyplace amongst $68~~-~~80 which will enable you to enjoy each fine high quality and durability~~. ~~This knife~~ is ~~light, straightforward to use and comes~~ in ~~a length of 180mm~~, ~~with a Best Knife Set Home Cook 1.5mm thick blade and measuring 55gm in weight. Sharpen~~ the ~~whole edge~~ of the ~~knife evenly~~.<br>~~<br>In this set, you are going to discover a unity candle~~, ~~ring pillow~~, ~~flower basket, guest book~~ and ~~pen set along with a matching bridal garter~~... ~~all~~ in a wonderful shade of pink of course! If you have generally dreamed of a fairytale wedding, then you are Best German Knife Set going to get pleasure from this Pink Princess Tiara Collection Comprehensive with guest book, pen set, toasting glasses and matching cake and knife servers, its a cute small collection of fairy princess things. ~~If you beloved this posting and you would like to acquire additional facts with regards to~~ [http://~~www~~.~~thebestkitchenknivesreviews~~.~~com~~/~~best-knife-set-reviews-top-kitchen-sets~~/ ~~best kitchen knife set for price~~] ~~kindly visit our own website. The perfect mixture for a wonderful wedding set.~~		[[File:Definition of equivalent width.jpg\|thumb\|A diagram indicating the equivalent width corresponding to the absorption line, which is shown in red.]]

			The '''equivalent width''' of a [[spectral line]] is a measure of the area of the line on a plot of [[luminous intensity\|intensity]] versus [[wavelength]]. It is found by forming a rectangle with a height equal to that of continuum emission, and finding the width such that the area of the rectangle is equal to the area in the spectral line. It is a measure of the strength of spectral features that is primarily used in [[astronomy]].<ref name = "co">{{cite book \| author = Carroll, Bradley; Ostlie, Dale \| title = An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics \| publisher = Pearson Addison-Wesley \| year = 2007 \| isbn = 0-321-44284-9 \| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=zaSpQgAACAAJ}}</ref>

			==Definition==
			Formally, the equivalent width is given by the equation

			<math>W_\lambda = \int (1 - F_\lambda / F_0) d\lambda</math>.<ref name = "formation_of_stars">{{cite book \| author = Stahler, Steven; Palla, Francesco \| title = The Formation of Stars \| publisher = Wiley-VCH \| isbn = 3-527-40559-3 \| year = 2004 \| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=Cx98QgAACAAJ}}</ref>

			Here, <math>F_0</math> represents the continuum intensity on either side of the [[absorption (electromagnetic radiation)\|absorption]] (or [[emission (electromagnetic radiation)\|emission]]) feature, while <math>F_\lambda</math> represents the intensity across the entire wavelength range of interest. Then <math>W_\lambda</math> represents the width of a hypothetical line which drops to an intensity of zero and has the "same integrated flux deficit from the continuum as the true one."<ref name="formation_of_stars"/> This equation can be applied to either emission or absorption, but when applied to emission, the value of <math>W_\lambda</math> is negative, and so the absolute value is used.

			==Applications==
			The equivalent width is used as a quantitative measure of the strength of spectral features. The equivalent width is a convenient choice because the shapes of spectral features can vary depending upon the configuration of the system which is producing the lines. For instance, the line may experience [[Doppler broadening]] due to motions of the gas emitting the photons. The photons will be shifted away from the line center, thus rendering the height of the emission line a poor measure of its overall strength. The equivalent width, on the other hand, "measures the fraction of energy removed from the spectrum by the line," regardless of the broadening intrinsic to the line or a detector with poor [[spectral resolution\|resolution]].<ref name="spitzer">{{cite book \| author = Spitzer, Lyman \| title = Physical Processes in the Interstellar Medium \| publisher = Wiley-VCH \| year = 1998 \| isbn = 0-471-02232-2 \| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=YPG3AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Thus the equivalent width can in many conditions yield the number of absorbing or emitting atoms.<ref name = "co"/>

			For example, measurements of the equivalent width of the [[Balmer series\|Balmer alpha]] transition in [[T Tauri star]]s are used in order to classify individual T Tauri stars as being classical or [[Weak-lined T Tauri star\|weak-lined]].<ref name="formation_of_stars"/> Also, the equivalent width is used in studying [[star formation]] in [[Lyman series\|Lyman alpha]] [[galaxy\|galaxies]], as the equivalent width of the Lyman alpha line is related to the star formation rate in the galaxy.<ref name="lae">{{cite journal \| doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15859.x \| author = Dijkstra, Mark; Westra, Eduard \| title = Star formation indicators and line equivalent width in Lya galaxies \| journal = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society \| volume = 401 \| issue = 4 \| pages = 2343–2348 \| year = 2010 \| bibcode = 2010MNRAS.401.2343D\|arxiv = 0911.1357 }}</ref> The equivalent width is also used in many other situations where a quantitative comparison between line strengths is needed.

			==References==
			{{reflist}}

			==External links==
			*[http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cms/astro/cosmos/E/Equivalent+Width Equivalent Width in the SAO Encyclopedia of Astronomy]

			[[Category:Emission spectroscopy]]
			[[Category:Astrochemistry]]

134.191.232.69: /* Anonymous games */

2012-05-20T08:28:09Z

Anonymous games

New page

Professionals and specialist chefs frequently pooh-pooh knife sets, saying you only seriously want 3 knives in your kitchen: a chef's knife , [http://mondediplo.com/spip.php?page=recherche&recherche=paring+knife paring knife] and serrated bread knife - all of which are covered in their personal sections in this report. At just more than 50, this is an incredible contemporary whetstone set up and will suit any person the prefers to sharpen their kitchen knives and blades the old fashioned way. Kitchen knives - kitchen knife set, japanese kitchen, Shop a full selection of kitchen knives & knife sets at from brands like wusthof & j.a. henckels. The a lot more sophisticated knife [http://www.Alexa.com/search?q=sharpeners&r=topsites_index&p=bigtop sharpeners] also have far better equipment to sharpen you knives, like diamond hone disks. My CUTCO (full) set was bought in 1966 and I Nevertheless USE IT. Of course, right after 4 young children and 40 years, it's not all there, but it is nonetheless the ONLY KNIVES I WILL EVER USE. As one more here has already mentioned, The Chef's knife is the One particular AND ONLY Cutco knife I never use, for the reason that after you use the Double D blade you in no way go back. One particular knife had a defect and broke though slicing cheese. You can get a 4 piece, six piece or eight piece set based on your requirements and number of folks in your household. It is vital to try to remember that a lot of of the knife brands that I will name right here have a number of lines that they make. Wusthofs are priced affordably which makes them a tremendous value, as Wusthof have set the excellent bar for which all other knife makers aim. For this you get a Chef Knife, a Utility Knife, and a Paring knife. The handle should really really feel comfortable and the knife itself should really balance effectively in the hand. I was normally searching for a knife that would cut my steak rather of ripping it apart my Cutco knives are just as sharp now as they have been 12 years ago. The knife blade continues via the complete deal with and is riveted to the deal with on both sides, which is a good function for adding strength to the knife. I have never ever had the knife set sharpened but, so I carrying out effectively. The Worldwide G-2 is also a stamped knife. Most knife handles today are produced from a composite material rather of wood and are ergonomically developed for comfort. Consider the distinctive tasks you will be performing with your knife such as slicing, dicing and chopping. The weighting of your knife ought to be equal from tip to handle. I am 1 of those guys that have 1 knife for all occasions and it is the BUCK knife I got as a present from an old boss of mine. I need to also mention that if you are interested in building garnishes with a knife designed for peeling and cutting round vegetables like Brussels sprouts, modest potatoes or beets, a birds beak paring knife might be a good addition to your kitchen. The size of fillet knife you decide on should really rely on what size fish you fillet most frequently. I will have to study this lens again, knife by knife so that I comprehend what I'm performing. You ought to know which knife is to be applied and in what order. For that you require to have a very good set of cutlery set. There are different forms of knives can be purchased separately or in a set. Sean Gill is an knowledgeable Content writer and publisher for Picking the Most effective Cookware Set for Your Residence. Stop by at to know much more about cutlery and Cutlery Set. I waited lots of, many years to lastly get a Genuinely Terrific Knife. For a good set of Japanese chef knives which are handcrafted and popularly employed in restaurants and hotels about the globe, you ought to count on to commit anyplace amongst $68-80 which will enable you to enjoy each fine high quality and durability. This knife is light, straightforward to use and comes in a length of 180mm, with a Best Knife Set Home Cook 1.5mm thick blade and measuring 55gm in weight. Sharpen the whole edge of the knife evenly. In this set, you are going to discover a unity candle, ring pillow, flower basket, guest book and pen set along with a matching bridal garter... all in a wonderful shade of pink of course! If you have generally dreamed of a fairytale wedding, then you are Best German Knife Set going to get pleasure from this Pink Princess Tiara Collection Comprehensive with guest book, pen set, toasting glasses and matching cake and knife servers, its a cute small collection of fairy princess things. If you beloved this posting and you would like to acquire additional facts with regards to [http://www.thebestkitchenknivesreviews.com/best-knife-set-reviews-top-kitchen-sets/ best kitchen knife set for price] kindly visit our own website. The perfect mixture for a wonderful wedding set.