en>Magioladitis: minor date change in orphan tag to merge tracking cats + gen fixes using AWB (9838)

2013-12-31T22:01:44Z

minor date change in orphan tag to merge tracking cats + gen fixes using AWB (9838)

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	I'~~m Lewis~~ and was ~~born~~ on ~~6 June 1976~~. ~~My hobbies~~ are ~~Origami~~ and ~~Figure skating~~.<br><br>~~Feel free~~ to ~~visit my blog~~ [~~http~~://~~www~~.~~dbssyw.com~~/~~home/link~~.~~php?url~~=http://www.~~youtube~~.~~com~~/~~watch?v=Pdwcos6q_2Q tagalog movie new full~~]		'''Superexchange''' (or '''Kramers–Anderson superexchange''') is the strong (usually) [[antiferromagnetic]] coupling between two next-to-nearest neighbour [[cation]]s through a non-magnetic [[anion]]. In this way, it differs from direct exchange in which there is coupling between nearest neighbor cations not involving an intermediary anion. Superexchange is a result of the electrons' having come from the same donor atom and being coupled with the receiving ions' spins. If the two next-to-nearest neighbor positive ions are connected at 90 degrees to the bridging non-magnetic anion, then the interaction can be a [[ferromagnetic]] interaction.

			[[File:MnO-superaustausch.GIF\|thumb\|Fig. 1: Superexchange for MnO]]
			Superexchange was proposed by [[Hendrik Anthony Kramers\|Hendrik Kramers]] in 1934 when he noticed in crystals like MnO, there are Mn atoms that manage to interact with one another despite having nonmagnetic oxygen atoms between them (Fig. 1).<ref>H. A. Kramers, ''Physica'' 1, 182 (1934).</ref> [[Philip Warren Anderson\|Phillip Anderson]] later refined Kramers' model in 1950.<ref>P. W. Anderson, ''Phys. Rev''. 79, 350 (1950).</ref>

			A set of semi-empirical rules were developed by [[John B. Goodenough]] and Junjiro Kanamori in the 1950s.<ref>J. B. Goodenough, ''Phys. Rev.'' 100, 564 (1955).</ref><ref>J. B. Goodenough, ''J. Phys. Chem. Solids'' 6, 287 (1958).</ref><ref>J. Kanamori, ''J. Phys. Chem. Solids'' 10, 87 (1959).</ref> These rules, now referred to as the '''Goodenough-Kanamori rules''', have proven highly successful in rationalizing the magnetic properties of a wide range of materials on a qualitative level. They are based on the symmetry relations and electron occupancy of the overlapping atomic orbitals [assuming the localized Heitler-London, or valence-bond, model is more representative of the chemical bonding than is the delocalized, or Hund-Mulliken-Bloch, model]. Essentially, the Pauli Exclusion Principle dictates that between two magnetic ions with-half-occupied orbitals, which couple through an intermediary non-magnetic ion (e.g. O<sup>2-</sup>), the superexchange will be strongly anti-ferromagnetic while the coupling between an ion with a filled orbital and one with a half-filled orbital will be ferromagnetic. The coupling between an ion with either a half-filled or filled orbital and one with a vacant orbital can be either antiferromagnetic or ferromagnetic, but generally favors ferromagnetic.<ref>J. N. Lalena and D. A. Cleary "Principles of Inorganic Materials Design," 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 345-346 (2010).</ref> When multiple types of interactions are present simultaneously, the antiferromagnetic one is generally dominant since it is independent of the intra-atomic exchange term.<ref>H. Weihe and H. U. Güdel ''Inorg. Chem.'' 36, 3632 (1997).</ref> For simple cases, the Goodenough-Kanamori rules readily allow the prediction of the net magnetic exchange expected for the coupling between ions. Complications begin to arise in various situations: 1) when [[Exchange_interaction#Exchange_Interactions_between_Localized_Moments\|direct exchange]] and superexchange mechanisms compete with one another; 2) when the cation-anion-cation bond angle deviates away from 180°; 3) when the electron occupancy of the orbitals is non-static, or dynamical; and 4) when spin-orbit coupling becomes important.

			[[Double exchange]] is a related magnetic coupling interaction proposed by [[Clarence Zener]] to account for electrical transport properties. It differs from superexchange in the following manner: in superexchange, the electrons do not actually move between the two metal positive ions—the occupancy of the d-shell of the two metal ions is the same or differs by two. In double exchange, the electrons are itinerant, i.e. they actually move between the positive ions via the intermediate ligand (e.g. oxygen); this results in the material displaying magnetic exchange coupling as well as metallic conductivity.

			==Manganese oxide==


			The p orbitals from oxygen and d orbitals from manganese can form a direct exchange.
			There is antiferromagnetic order because the singlet state is energetically favoured. This configuration allows a delocalization of the involved electrons due to a lowering of the kinetic energy.

			Quantum mechanical [[perturbation theory]] results in an antiferromagnetic interaction of the spins of neighboring Mn-atoms with the energy operator ([[Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics)\|Hamiltonian]]) <math>\mathcal H_{1,\, 2} =+\frac{2t_{Mn,\,O}^2\,}{U}\hat S_1\cdot\hat S_2\,,</math> where <math>\,t_{Mn, O}</math> is the so-called hopping-energy between a Mn-''3 d'' and the oxygen-''p'' orbitals, while ''U'' is a so-called [[Hubbard model\|Hubbard]] energy for Mn. The expression <math>\hat S_1\cdot\hat S_2\,,</math> finally, is the [[scalar product]] between the Mn spin-vector operators ([[Heisenberg model (quantum)\|Heisenberg model]]).

			==References==
			{{reflist}}

			==External links==
			* [http://www.cond-mat.de/events/correl12/manuscripts/koch.pdf Exchange Mechanisms] in E. Pavarini, E. Koch, F. Anders, and M. Jarrell (eds.): Correlated Electrons: From Models to Materials, Jülich 2012, ISBN 978-3-89336-796-2

			[[Category:Condensed matter physics]]

en>Michael Hardy: link

2009-09-14T04:23:59Z

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I'm Lewis and was born on 6 June 1976. My hobbies are Origami and Figure skating.<br><br>Feel free to visit my blog [http://www.dbssyw.com/home/link.php?url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pdwcos6q_2Q tagalog movie new full]

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en>Magioladitis: minor date change in orphan tag to merge tracking cats + gen fixes using AWB (9838)

en>Michael Hardy: link