en>Fgnievinski at 02:17, 6 November 2014

2014-11-06T02:17:05Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:17, 6 November 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~[[File:Thomae function (0,1).svg\|200px\|right\|thumb\|Point plot of the function on (0,1)]]~~		The writer's title is Andera and she thinks it seems quite good. To climb is some thing I really appreciate performing. Her family members life in Alaska but her spouse desires them to move. Office supervising is where my primary income arrives from but I've usually needed my own company.<br><br>Also visit my website best psychic ([http://si.dgmensa.org/xe/index.php?document_srl=48014&mid=c0102 linked webpage])
	'''Thomae's function''', named after [[Carl Johannes Thomae]], has many names: the '''popcorn function''', the '''raindrop function''', the '''countable cloud function''', the '''modified Dirichlet function''', the '''ruler function''',<ref>"…the so-called ''ruler function'', a simple but provocative example that appeared in a work of Johannes Karl Thomae … The graph suggests the vertical markings on a ruler—hence the name." William Dunham, ''The ~~Calculus Gallery'', chapter 10</ref> the '''Riemann function''', or the '''Stars over Babylon''' ([[John Horton Conway]]~~'s ~~name).<ref>http://mathforum.org/kb/message.jspa?messageID=1375516</ref> This [[real number\|real]]-valued [[function (mathematics)\|function]] ''f''(''x'') of the real variable ''x'' is defined as:~~

	~~:<math>f(x) =~~
	~~\begin{cases}~~
	~~\frac{1}{q} &\text{if }x\text{~~ is ~~rational, }x=\tfrac{p}{q}\text{ in lowest terms~~ and ~~} q > 0\\~~
	~~0 &\text{if }x\text{ is irrational~~.}
	~~\end{cases}~~
	~~</math>~~

	~~It is a modification of the [[Dirichlet function]], (which is 1 at rational numbers and 0 elsewhere).~~

	~~==Discontinuities==~~
	~~The popcorn function has a complicated set of [[continuous function\|discontinuities]]: ''f''~~ is ~~continuous at all irrational numbers and discontinuous at all rational numbers~~.

	~~===Informal proof===~~
	~~Clearly, ''f'' is discontinuous at all rational numbers: since the irrationals are [[dense set\|dense]]~~ in the reals, for any rational ''x'', no matter what ''ε'' we select, there is an irrational ''a'' even nearer to our ''x'' where ''f''(''a'') = 0 (while ''f''(''x'') is positive). In other words, ''f'' can never "get close" and "stay close" to ~~any positive number because its domain is dense with zeroes~~.

	~~To show continuity at the irrationals, assume without loss of generality that our ''ε''~~ is rational (for any irrational ''ε′'', we can choose a smaller rational ''ε″'' and the proof is transitive). Since ε is rational, it can be expressed in lowest terms as ''a/b''. We want to show that ''f''(''x'~~') is continuous when ''x'' is irrational~~.

	~~Note that ''f'' takes a maximum value of 1 at each whole integer, so we may limit our examination to the space between <math>\scriptstyle \lfloor x \rfloor</math> and~~ <~~math~~>~~\scriptstyle \lceil x \rceil~~<~~/math~~>. Since ''ε'' has a finite denominator of ''b'', the only values for which ''f'' may return a value greater than ''ε'' are those with a reduced denominator ''no larger than b''. There exist only a finite number of values between two integers with denominator no larger than ''b'', so these can be exhaustively listed. Setting ''δ'' to be smaller than the nearest distance from ''x'' to one of these values guarantees every value within ''δ'' of ''x'' has ''f''(~~''x'') < ''ε''.~~

	~~==Integrability==~~
	~~The~~ [[Lebesgue integrability condition\|Lebesgue criterion for integrability]] states that a bounded function is Riemann integrable if and only if the set of all discontinuities has [[Lebesgue measure\|measure zero]].<ref>Spivak, M. (p. 53, Theorem 3-8)</ref> Since the set of all discontinuities is the rational numbers, and the rational numbers are [[Countability\|countable]], the set has measure zero. As well, the function is bounded on the interval {{nowrap\|[0, 1]}}, so by the Lebesgue criterion, the function is Riemann integrable on {{nowrap\|[0, 1]}}. ~~Its integral is equal to 0 over {{nowrap\|[0,1]}}~~.

	~~==Follow-up==~~
	A natural follow-up question one might ask is if there is a function which is continuous on the rational numbers and discontinuous on the irrational numbers. This turns out to be impossible; the set of discontinuities of any function must be an [[Fσ set\|F<sub>σ</sub> set]]. If such a function existed, then the irrationals would be an F<sub>σ</sub> set and hence, as they don't contain an interval, would also be a [[meager set]]. It would follow that the real numbers, being a union of the irrationals and the rationals (which is evidently meager), would also be a meager set. This would contradict the [[Baire category theorem]].

	~~A variant of the popcorn function can be used to show that any F<sub>σ<~~/~~sub> subset of the real numbers can be the set of discontinuities of a function~~. ~~If <math>\scriptstyle A \;=\; \bigcup_{n=1}^{\infty}F_n</math> is a countable union of closed sets <math>\scriptstyle F_n</math>, define~~

	~~:<math>f_A(x)~~ = ~~\begin{cases}~~
	~~\frac{1}{n} & \text{if } x \text{ is rational and } n \text{ is minimal so that } x \in F_n\\~~
	~~-\frac{1}{n} & \text{if } x \text{ is irrational and } n \text{ is minimal so that } x \in F_n\\~~
	0 & ~~\text{if } x \notin A~~
	~~\end{cases}</math>~~

	~~Then a similar argument as for the popcorn function shows that <math>\scriptstyle f_A</math> has ''A'' as its set of discontinuities.~~

	~~==See also=~~=
	* [[Euclid's orchard]~~] – Thomae's function can be interpreted as a perspective drawing of Euclid's orchard~~

	~~==Notes==~~
	~~{{reflist}}~~

	~~==References==~~
	~~{{refbegin}}~~
	* Robert G. Bartle and Donald R. Sherbert (1999), ''Introduction to Real Analysis, 3rd Edition'' (Example 5.1.6 (h)~~). Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-32148-4~~
	* [[Michael Spivak\|Spivak, M.]] Calculus on manifolds. 1965. Perseus Books. ISBN 0-8053-9021-9
	* Abbot, Stephen. ''Understanding Analysis''. Berlin: [[Springer Science+Business Media\|Springer]], 2001. ISBN 0-387-95060-5
	~~{{refend}}~~

	~~==External links==~~
	* {{springer\|title=Dirichlet-function\|id=p/d032860}}
	* {{MathWorld \|title=Dirichlet Function \|urlname=DirichletFunction}}

	~~[[Category:Calculus]]~~
	~~[[Category:General topology]]~~
	~~[[Category:Special functions]]~~

en>Francisco Quiumento at 18:19, 26 May 2013

2013-05-26T18:19:55Z

Show changes

66.191.3.215: /* Example: vertical momentum in synoptic-scale meteorology */

2012-07-01T20:52:32Z

Example: vertical momentum in synoptic-scale meteorology

Show changes

Scale analysis (mathematics) - Revision history

en>Fgnievinski at 02:17, 6 November 2014

en>Francisco Quiumento at 18:19, 26 May 2013

66.191.3.215: /* Example: vertical momentum in synoptic-scale meteorology */