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{{Infobox scientist
|name = Kazuhiko Nishijima
|image = Kazuhiko Nishijima.jpg
|image_size = 70
|alt =
|caption =
|birth_date = 4 October 1926
|birth_place = [[Tsuchiura]], Japan
|death_date = 15 February 2009
|death_place = Tokyo, Japan
|residence =
|citizenship =
|nationality = Japanese
|ethnicity =
|fields = [[Theoretical physics]] [[Particle physics]]
|workplaces = [[Osaka City University]] [[Max Planck Institute for Physics]] [[Institute for Advanced Study]] [[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]] [[University of Tokyo]] [[Kyoto University]] [[Chuo University]]
|alma_mater = [[University of Tokyo]] [[Osaka University]]
|doctoral_advisor =
|academic_advisors =
|doctoral_students =
|notable_students =
|known_for = [[Strangeness]] [[Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula]]
|author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences =
|influenced =
|awards =
|religion =
|signature = 
|signature_alt =
|footnotes =
}}
{{nihongo|'''Kazuhiko Nishijima'''|西島和彦|Nishijima Kazuhiko}} (4 October 1926 – 15 February 2009) was a [[:Category:Japanese physicists|Japanese physicist]] who made significant contributions to [[particle physics]]. He was [[professor emeritus]] at the [[University of Tokyo]] and [[Kyoto University]] until his death in 2009.<ref name=JT>
{{cite news
|date=18 February 2009
|title=Particle Physicist Kazuhiko Nishijima dies at 82
|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20090218b1.html
|publisher=[[The Japan Times]]
|accessdate=2010-07-16
}}</ref>

He was born in [[Tsuchiura]], Japan. He is most well known for the product of his collaboration with [[Murray Gell-Mann]]{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}, the [[Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula]], and the concept of [[strangeness]], which he called the "eta-charge" or "η-charge", after the [[eta meson]] ({{Subatomic particle|Eta}}).<ref name=JT /><ref>
{{cite journal
|last=Nishijima |first=K
|year=1955
|title=Charge Independence Theory of V Particles
|journal=[[Progress of Theoretical Physics]]
|volume=13 |pages=285
|doi=10.1143/PTP.13.285
|bibcode = 1955PThPh..13..285N
|issue=3 }}</ref>
<ref name="PhysicsToday">{{cite journal
|last=Nambu |first=Y. |authorlink=Yoichiro Nambu
|year=2009
|title=Kazuhiko Nishijima
|journal=[[Physics Today]]
|volume=62 |issue=8 |pages=58
|doi=10.1063/1.3206100
|bibcode = 2009PhT....62h..58N }}</ref>

==Life==
Nishijima was born in [[Tsuchiura, Ibaraki|Tsuchiura]], Japan on 4 October 1926.<ref name=PhysicsToday /> He obtained his diploma in [[physics]] at the [[University of Tokyo]] in 1948, and his PhD from [[Osaka University]] in 1955 for his thesis on the [[nuclear potential]].<ref name=PhysicsToday />

In 1950, while at Osaka University, Nishijima was hired by [[Yoichiro Nambu]] to work on the theory of [[strong interaction]]s and of [[strange particle]]s (then called [[V particle]]s).<ref name=PhysicsToday /> While studying the [[particle decay|decay]] of these particles, Nishijima developed, with [[Tadao Nakano]], and independently of [[Murray Gell-Mann]], a formula that would relate the [[quantum number]]s of these particles, the [[Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula]] (or sometimes the ''NNG formula'', for Nishijima, Nakano, and Gell-Mann).<ref name=PhysicsToday />

:<math>Q = I_\text{3} + \frac{B+S}{2}</math>

where ''Q'' is the [[electric charge]], ''I''3 is the [[isospin|isospin projection]], ''B'' is the [[baryon number]], and ''S'' is the [[strangeness]] quantum number of the particle. This formula was pivotal for the later development of the [[quark model]] by Gell-Mann<ref name="Gell-Man1964">
{{cite journal
|author=Gell-Mann, M
|title=A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons
|journal=[[Physics Letters]]
|volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=214–215
|year=1964
|doi=10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3
|bibcode = 1964PhL.....8..214G }}</ref> and [[George Zweig]]<ref name="Zweig1964">
{{cite journal
|author=Zweig, G
|title=An SU(3) Model for Strong Interaction Symmetry and its Breaking
|journal=CERN Report No.8181/Th 8419
|year=1964
}}</ref><ref name="Zweig1964b">
{{cite journal
|author=Zweig, G
|title=An SU(3) Model for Strong Interaction Symmetry and its Breaking: II
|journal=CERN Report No.8419/Th 8412
|year=1964
}}</ref> in 1964 (independently of each other).

From 1956 to 1958, Nishijima worked in [[Göttingen]], Germany, upon the invitation of [[Werner Heisenberg]].<ref name=PhysicsToday /> In 1958, he moved to the United States and joined the [[Institute for Advanced Study]] in [[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]], [[New Jersey]].<ref name=PhysicsToday /> A year and a half later, he became a professor at the [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]].<ref name=PhysicsToday /> In 1966, he returned to the University of Tokyo, where he founded a theoretical physics research group and served in some administrative positions.<ref name=PhysicsToday /> From 1986 until 1989 and again from 1995 until 2005, he was the president of the [[Nishina Memorial Foundation]], a foundation that promotes physics in Japan.<ref name=PhysicsToday />

Nishijima kept active in research until near the end of his life. His last subjects of research were [[color confinement]] and [[noncommutative quantum field theory]].<ref name=PhysicsToday /> He died of [[leukemia]] on 15 February 2009 at the age of 82.<ref name=JT /><ref name=PhysicsToday/>

==Books==
*{{cite book
|last=Nishijima |first=K
|year=1963
|title=Fundamental Particles
|publisher=[[Benjamin Cummings|W. A. Benjamin]]
|oclc=536472
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Nishijima |first=K
|year=1998 |origyear=1974
|title=Fields and Particles: Field Theory and Dispersion Relations
|edition=4th
|publisher=[[Benjamin Cummings]]
|isbn=0-8053-7399-3
}}

==Awards==
*[[Nishina Memorial Prize]]<ref name=PhysicsToday />
*[[Japan Academy Prize (academics)|Japan Academy Prize]]<ref name=PhysicsToday />
*[[Order of Culture|Order of Culture of Japan]]<ref name=PhysicsToday /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/info/nishijima.html|title=本学名誉教授の西島和彦先生が平成15年度の文化勲章を受章|publisher=[[University of Tokyo]]|language=Japanese|accessdate=2010-07-16}}</ref>
*[[Guggenheim Fellowship]]<ref>
{{cite web
|title=Kazuhiko Nishijima, Guggenheim Fellow 1965
|url=http://pt.gf.org/fellows/10720-kazuhiko-nishijima
|publisher=[[John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation]]
|accessdate=2009-08-18
}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book
|last=Kawarabayashi |first=K
|year=1987
|title=Wandering in the Fields: Festschrift for Professor Kazuhiko Nishijima on the Occasion of His Sixtieth Birthday
|publisher=[[World Scientific]]
|isbn=9971-5-0363-8
|editor-first=Ukawa |editor-last=A
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2011}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=108239115}}
{{Persondata 
| NAME = Nishijima, Kazuhiko
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Japanese physicist
| DATE OF BIRTH = 4 October 1926
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Tsuchiura]], Japan
| DATE OF DEATH = 15 February 2009
| PLACE OF DEATH = Tokyo, Japan
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nishijima, Kazuhiko}}
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:Japanese physicists]]
[[Category:University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign faculty]]
[[Category:University of Tokyo faculty]]
[[Category:Kyoto University faculty]]
[[Category:Guggenheim Fellows]]
[[Category:Theoretical physicists]]
[[Category:Foreign Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Foreign Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences]]

Photothermal optical microscopy - Revision history

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