Papyrus 60 - Revision history

en>Trappist the monk: Fix CS1 deprecated coauthor parameter errors; using AWB

2014-07-21T12:32:18Z

Fix CS1 deprecated coauthor parameter errors; using AWB

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:32, 21 July 2014
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	The '''Foster-Greer-Thorbecke''' (sometimes referred to as '''FGT''') metric is a generalized measure of [[poverty]] within an economy.<ref>{{cite journal\|last=Foster\|first=James\|coauthors=Joel Greer and Erik Thorbecke\|title=A class of decomposablepoverty measures\|journal=Econometrica\|year=1984\|volume=52\|series=3\|pages=761–766}}</ref> It measures the outfall from the povertyline and is weighted by <math> \alpha </math>. Therefore it is also considering the inequality among the poor but as the proper amount for <math> \alpha </math> is not pre defined (and a normative question) we cannot say that the Gini is part of the FGT.
	~~%Also P0 is not part of FGT. The only measure that is combining P0, P1 and Gini is the Sen Index.~~
	~~FGT measure was developed by Professor [[Erik Thorbecke]], his former student Professor Joel Greer, and another graduate student at [[Cornell University]] at the time, Professor James Foster.~~

	~~The formula for the FGT is given by:~~

	~~<math>FGT_\alpha=\frac {1} {N} \sum_{i=1}^H (\frac {z~~-~~y_i} {z})^\alpha <~~/~~math>~~		by Nas, is very fitting and the film agrees with it. The next step is to visit your Word - Press blog dashboard. If you have any kind of inquiries regarding where and the best ways to utilize [http://roaaad.com/link//wordpress_backup_plugin_3572182 wordpress backup], you can call us at our own web-site. Wordpress Content management systems, being customer friendly, can be used extensively to write and manage websites and blogs. s ultimately easy to implement and virtually maintenance free. Also our developers are well convergent with the latest technologies and bitty-gritty of wordpress website design and promises to deliver you the best solution that you can ever have. <br><br>Thus, it is imperative that you must Hire Word - Press Developers who have the expertise and proficiency in delivering theme integration and customization services. Infertility can cause a major setback to the couples due to the inability to conceive. This plugin is a must have for anyone who is serious about using Word - Press. They provide many such popular products which you can buy for your baby. Now a days it has since evolved into a fully capable CMS platform which make it, the best platform in the world for performing online business. <br><br>Photography is an entire activity in itself, and a thorough discovery of it is beyond the opportunity of this content. But if you are not willing to choose cost to the detriment of quality, originality and higher returns, then go for a self-hosted wordpress blog and increase the presence of your business in this new digital age. Those who cannot conceive with donor eggs due to some problems can also opt for surrogacy option using the services of surrogate mother. You or your web designer can customize it as per your specific needs. There are plenty of tables that are attached to this particular database. <br><br>A built-in widget which allows you to embed quickly video from popular websites. I didn't straight consider near it solon than one distance, I got the Popup Ascendancy plugin and it's up and lengthways, likely you make seen it today when you visited our blog, and I yet customize it to fit our Thesis Wound which gives it a rattling uncomparable visage and search than any different popup you know seen before on any added journal, I hump arrogated asset of one of it's quatern themes to make our own. When we talk about functional suitability, Word - Press proves itself as one of the strongest contestant among its other rivals. If you are looking for Hire Wordpress Developer then just get in touch with him. Where from they are coming, which types of posts are getting top traffic and many more. <br><br>Internet is not only the source for information, it is also one of the source for passive income. Sanjeev Chuadhary is an expert writer who shares his knowledge about web development through their published articles and other resource. Just download it from the website and start using the same. This is because of the customization that works as a keystone for a SEO friendly blogging portal website. The 2010 voting took place from July 7 through August 31, 2010.

	~~where <math>z<~~/~~math> is an agreed upon poverty line (1~~.~~25$ or 2$ per day adjusted for [[purchasing power parity]~~] are the ~~two most common poverty lines used by~~ the ~~[[World Bank]]~~. ~~Developed countries usually have much higher poverty lines),~~ <~~math~~>N<~~/math~~> is the ~~number of people~~ in ~~an economy, <math>H</math> is~~ the ~~number of poor (those with incomes at or below <math>z</math>), <math>y_i</math> are individual incomes and <math>\alpha</math>~~ is a ~~"sensitivity" parameter~~. ~~If <math>\alpha</math> is low then~~ the ~~FGT metric weights all~~ the ~~individuals with incomes below z roughly the same~~. If <~~math~~>~~\alpha~~<~~/math~~> is ~~high~~, ~~those with~~ the ~~lowest incomes (farthest below <math>z</math>)~~ are ~~given more weight in~~ the ~~measure. The~~ higher ~~the FGT statistic~~, the ~~more poverty there is~~ in ~~an economy~~.

	~~The FGT measure corresponds~~ to ~~other measures of poverty~~ for ~~particular values~~ of ~~<math>\alpha</math>~~. ~~For <math>\alpha=0</math>, the formula reduces to~~

	~~<math>FGT_0=\frac {H} {N}</math>~~

	~~which is the Headcount ratio,~~ or ~~the fraction~~ of ~~the population which lives below the poverty line~~. ~~If <math>\alpha=1~~<~~/math~~> ~~then the formula is~~

	<~~math~~>~~FGT_1=\frac {1} {N} \sum_{i=1}^H (\frac {z~~-~~y_i} {z}) </math>~~

	which ~~is the average poverty gap~~, or the ~~amount of income necessary to bring everyone in poverty right~~ up to ~~the poverty line~~, ~~divided by total population~~. ~~This can be thought~~ of as the ~~amount that an average person in the economy would have to contribute in order~~ for ~~poverty to be~~ just ~~barely eliminated~~.

	~~While the two above versions~~ are ~~widely reported~~, ~~a good deal~~ of ~~technical literature on poverty uses the <math>\alpha=2</math> version of the metric:~~

	~~<math>FGT_2=\frac {1} {N} \sum_{i=1}^H (\frac {z-y_i} {z})^2 </math>~~

	~~as in this form, the index combines information on both poverty~~ and ~~income inequality among the poor~~. ~~Specifically in this instance the FGT can be rewritten as:~~

	<~~math~~>~~FGT_2=H \mu^2 + (1-\mu^2) C_v^2~~<~~/math>~~

	~~where <math>C_v</math~~> is the ~~[[coefficient of variation]] among those with incomes less than <math>z</math>~~, ~~<math>H</math>~~ is ~~the total number~~ of the ~~poor as above,~~ and ~~<math>\mu</math> is given by~~

	~~<math>\mu=\frac {1} {H}\sum_{i=1}^H (\frac {z-y_i} {z}) </math>~~.

	~~Other decompositions of~~ the ~~index are also possible~~.<ref>Mauricio Olavarria-Gambi: [http://www.inap.uchile.cl/gobierno/publicaciones/olavarria-poverty.pdf "Poverty Reduction in Chile: has economic growth been enough?"], Journal of Human Development, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2003</ref>

	~~The <math>\alpha = 2</math> version of the index~~ is ~~officially part~~ of the ~~[[Mexican Constitution]]~~ as a ~~basis~~ for ~~all government measurements of poverty~~.~~<ref name="cornell">{{cite web \| url=http://www.economics~~.~~cornell.edu/et17/etshbio.pdf \| title=Erik Thorbecke, Bio \| publisher=Cornell University \| accessdate=15 January 2014}}</ref>~~

	~~==Notes==~~
	~~<references/>~~

	~~[[Category:Measurements and definitions of poverty]]~~

en>Leszek Jańczuk: /* Further reading */

2013-02-26T16:53:32Z

Further reading

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:53, 26 February 2013
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~Surely~~ the ~~second option would be more beneficial~~ for ~~any website~~. It is ~~very easy to customize plugins according to the needs~~ of ~~a particular business~~. ~~I thought about what would happen by placing a text widget in the sidebar beneath my banner ad~~, and ~~so it went~~. ~~s ultimately easy to implement and virtually maintenance free. After activating~~, ~~you will find their website link~~ and ~~get~~ the ~~activation code from their website~~. <br><br>~~Right starting from social media support to search engine optimization, such plugins are easily available within the Word - Press open source platform~~. ~~You may either choose to link only to the top-level category pages~~ or the ~~ones that contain information about your products and services. We also help to integrate various plug-ins to expand~~ the ~~functionalities of the web application~~. ~~Furthermore~~, ~~with~~ the ~~launch~~ of ~~Windows 7 Phone~~ is the ~~smart phone market nascent App. Many times the camera~~ is ~~following Mia, taking in her point of view in almost every frame~~. <br><br>It is ~~very easy to install Word - Press blog or website~~. ~~The only problem with most~~ is ~~that they only offer a monthly plan~~, ~~you never own~~ the ~~software and you can’t even install~~ the ~~software on your site~~, ~~you must go to another website to manage your list and edit your autoresponder~~. ~~Those who cannot conceive with donor eggs due~~ to ~~some problems can also opt~~ for ~~surrogacy option using the services~~ of ~~surrogate mother. Enough automated blog posts plus a system keeps you and your clients happy~~. For ~~any web design and development assignment~~, ~~this~~ is ~~definitely one~~ of the ~~key concerns, specifically for online retail outlets as well as e-commerce websites~~. <br><br>~~If all else fails, please leave a comment on this post with~~ the ~~issue~~(s) ~~you're having and help will be on~~ the ~~way. And~~, ~~that is all~~ the ~~opposition events with nationalistic agenda~~ in ~~favor~~ of the ~~individuals of Pakistan marching collectively~~ in the ~~battle~~ in ~~opposition~~ to ~~radicalism~~. ~~Exacting subjects in reality must be accumulated in head ahead~~ of ~~planning~~ on ~~your high quality theme. Word - Press is~~ the ~~most popular open source content management system~~ (~~CMS~~) in the ~~world today~~. ~~This includes enriching~~ the ~~content~~ with ~~proper key words~~, ~~tactfully defining~~ the ~~tags~~ and ~~URL.~~ <br><br>~~Someone with a basic knowledge~~ of ~~setting up a website should be able to complete~~ the ~~process in a couple of minutes however even basic users should find they~~ are ~~able to complete the installation in around 20 minutes by following the step by step guide online~~. ~~Here's a list of some exciting Word~~ - ~~Press features that have created waves in the web development industry~~:. ~~Word~~ - ~~Press can also be quickly extended however improvement API is not as potent as Joomla's~~. ~~And~~, ~~it is better that you leave it on for the duration you are writing plugin code~~. ~~Press CTRL and~~ the ~~numbers one to six to choose your option Should you have any kind~~ of ~~concerns concerning in which in addition to~~ the ~~way to make use~~ of [http://www.~~nt-protect~~.~~host~~.sk/~~?backup_plugin_822530 wordpress backup~~]~~, you are able to e mail us in our own webpage. .~~		The '''Foster-Greer-Thorbecke''' (sometimes referred to as '''FGT''') metric is a generalized measure of [[poverty]] within an economy.<ref>{{cite journal\|last=Foster\|first=James\|coauthors=Joel Greer and Erik Thorbecke\|title=A class of decomposablepoverty measures\|journal=Econometrica\|year=1984\|volume=52\|series=3\|pages=761–766}}</ref> It measures the outfall from the povertyline and is weighted by <math> \alpha </math>. Therefore it is also considering the inequality among the poor but as the proper amount for <math> \alpha </math> is not pre defined (and a normative question) we cannot say that the Gini is part of the FGT.
			%Also P0 is not part of FGT. The only measure that is combining P0, P1 and Gini is the Sen Index.
			FGT measure was developed by Professor [[Erik Thorbecke]], his former student Professor Joel Greer, and another graduate student at [[Cornell University]] at the time, Professor James Foster.

			The formula for the FGT is given by:

			<math>FGT_\alpha=\frac {1} {N} \sum_{i=1}^H (\frac {z-y_i} {z})^\alpha </math>

			where <math>z</math> is an agreed upon poverty line (1.25$ or 2$ per day adjusted for [[purchasing power parity]] are the two most common poverty lines used by the [[World Bank]]. Developed countries usually have much higher poverty lines), <math>N</math> is the number of people in an economy, <math>H</math> is the number of poor (those with incomes at or below <math>z</math>), <math>y_i</math> are individual incomes and <math>\alpha</math> is a "sensitivity" parameter. If <math>\alpha</math> is low then the FGT metric weights all the individuals with incomes below z roughly the same. If <math>\alpha</math> is high, those with the lowest incomes (farthest below <math>z</math>) are given more weight in the measure. The higher the FGT statistic, the more poverty there is in an economy.

			The FGT measure corresponds to other measures of poverty for particular values of <math>\alpha</math>. For <math>\alpha=0</math>, the formula reduces to

			<math>FGT_0=\frac {H} {N}</math>

			which is the Headcount ratio, or the fraction of the population which lives below the poverty line. If <math>\alpha=1</math> then the formula is

			<math>FGT_1=\frac {1} {N} \sum_{i=1}^H (\frac {z-y_i} {z}) </math>

			which is the average poverty gap, or the amount of income necessary to bring everyone in poverty right up to the poverty line, divided by total population. This can be thought of as the amount that an average person in the economy would have to contribute in order for poverty to be just barely eliminated.

			While the two above versions are widely reported, a good deal of technical literature on poverty uses the <math>\alpha=2</math> version of the metric:

			<math>FGT_2=\frac {1} {N} \sum_{i=1}^H (\frac {z-y_i} {z})^2 </math>

			as in this form, the index combines information on both poverty and income inequality among the poor. Specifically in this instance the FGT can be rewritten as:

			<math>FGT_2=H \mu^2 + (1-\mu^2) C_v^2</math>

			where <math>C_v</math> is the [[coefficient of variation]] among those with incomes less than <math>z</math>, <math>H</math> is the total number of the poor as above, and <math>\mu</math> is given by

			<math>\mu=\frac {1} {H}\sum_{i=1}^H (\frac {z-y_i} {z}) </math>.

			Other decompositions of the index are also possible.<ref>Mauricio Olavarria-Gambi: [http://www.inap.uchile.cl/gobierno/publicaciones/olavarria-poverty.pdf "Poverty Reduction in Chile: has economic growth been enough?"], Journal of Human Development, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2003</ref>

			The <math>\alpha = 2</math> version of the index is officially part of the [[Mexican Constitution]] as a basis for all government measurements of poverty.<ref name="cornell">{{cite web \| url=http://www.economics.cornell.edu/et17/etshbio.pdf \| title=Erik Thorbecke, Bio \| publisher=Cornell University \| accessdate=15 January 2014}}</ref>

			==Notes==
			<references/>

			[[Category:Measurements and definitions of poverty]]

en>Cydebot: Robot - Speedily moving category Collection of the Morgan Library to :Category:Collection of The Morgan Library & Museum per CFDS.

2012-05-23T13:45:06Z

Robot - Speedily moving category Collection of the Morgan Library to Category:Collection of The Morgan Library & Museum per CFDS.

New page

Surely the second option would be more beneficial for any website. It is very easy to customize plugins according to the needs of a particular business. I thought about what would happen by placing a text widget in the sidebar beneath my banner ad, and so it went. s ultimately easy to implement and virtually maintenance free. After activating, you will find their website link and get the activation code from their website. Right starting from social media support to search engine optimization, such plugins are easily available within the Word - Press open source platform. You may either choose to link only to the top-level category pages or the ones that contain information about your products and services. We also help to integrate various plug-ins to expand the functionalities of the web application. Furthermore, with the launch of Windows 7 Phone is the smart phone market nascent App. Many times the camera is following Mia, taking in her point of view in almost every frame. It is very easy to install Word - Press blog or website. The only problem with most is that they only offer a monthly plan, you never own the software and you can’t even install the software on your site, you must go to another website to manage your list and edit your autoresponder. Those who cannot conceive with donor eggs due to some problems can also opt for surrogacy option using the services of surrogate mother. Enough automated blog posts plus a system keeps you and your clients happy. For any web design and development assignment, this is definitely one of the key concerns, specifically for online retail outlets as well as e-commerce websites. If all else fails, please leave a comment on this post with the issue(s) you're having and help will be on the way. And, that is all the opposition events with nationalistic agenda in favor of the individuals of Pakistan marching collectively in the battle in opposition to radicalism. Exacting subjects in reality must be accumulated in head ahead of planning on your high quality theme. Word - Press is the most popular open source content management system (CMS) in the world today. This includes enriching the content with proper key words, tactfully defining the tags and URL. Someone with a basic knowledge of setting up a website should be able to complete the process in a couple of minutes however even basic users should find they are able to complete the installation in around 20 minutes by following the step by step guide online. Here's a list of some exciting Word - Press features that have created waves in the web development industry:. Word - Press can also be quickly extended however improvement API is not as potent as Joomla's. And, it is better that you leave it on for the duration you are writing plugin code. Press CTRL and the numbers one to six to choose your option Should you have any kind of concerns concerning in which in addition to the way to make use of [http://www.nt-protect.host.sk/?backup_plugin_822530 wordpress backup], you are able to e mail us in our own webpage. .