Optical Multi-Tree with Shuffle Exchange - Revision history

en>Yobot: WP:CHECKWIKI error fixes + other fixes using AWB (10067)

2014-03-29T17:28:22Z

WP:CHECKWIKI error fixes + other fixes using AWB (10067)

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:28, 29 March 2014
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	~~In [[probability~~ and statistics]], a '''mean-preserving spread (MPS)'''<ref>[[Michael Rothschild\|Rothschild, Michael]], and [[Joseph Stiglitz\|Stiglitz, Joseph]], "Increasing risk I: A definition," ''Journal of Economic Theory'', 1970, 225–243.</ref> is a change from one [[probability distribution]] A to another probability distribution B, where B is formed by spreading out one or more portions of A's [[probability density function]] or [[probability mass function]] while leaving the mean (the [[expected value]]) unchanged. As such, the ~~concept of mean-preserving spreads provides a [[stochastic ordering]] of equal-mean gambles (probability distributions) according~~ to ~~their degree of [[risk]]; this ordering is [[Partially ordered set\|partial]], meaning that~~ of ~~two equal-mean gambles,~~ it ~~is not necessarily true that either is a mean-preserving spread of the other~~. A ~~is said~~ to be ~~a '''mean-preserving contraction''' of B if B is a mean-preserving spread of A~~.		Acquiring just what will be the excellent knife to employ when preparing meals depends primarily to the goal and also to the person who tends to make use of it. A single can locate also basic qualities that ought to be taken into account when having these cooking equipments. An additional excellent knife that is a should have amongst the Japanese chef knives is the Santoku knife which is a common all goal knife applied in chopping up larger vegetables such as potatoes, cabbages and pumpkins. Japanese chef's knives are Kitchen Knife Reviews Canada renowned for their higher quality steel building which offers for enhanced uniformity in cutting, sharpness and swiftness - the ingredients for excellence in the kitchen. They also make a imply set of butterfly knives.<br><br><br><br>In order to keep the knives sharp and not damage them your cutting board requires to be either an Epicuran, bamboo or other hardwood cutting board e.g. maple or cherry. I am a culinary student and decided to go à la carte and mix andknives from each value level. This is not to say that I want to spend a fortune on all my knives. With all the Shun knives you are going to get exceptional steel and higher performance design.<br><br>The Wusthof Classic three-1/two-Inch Paring Knife is an additional of those knives that is worth spending a little bit of revenue 'll use it virtually each day and with the lifetime guarantee this knife investment is revenue seriously properly spent. The Wusthof paring knife has a small pointed blade which tends to make it 1 of the best knives for peeling vegetables and for all smaller cutting jobs Kitchen Knives Reviews 2012 Uk in the kitchen.<br><br>Wusthof Classic three piece Kitchen Prep Set is the greatest commodities released this week Adjusted encouraging you'll come across it unequaled design and style , varied also now suited around by way of your personal efforts And from now on there have been a wide choice of things you are in a position get. Study the overview in case enable the client to apprise of a common Wusthof Classic three piece Kitchen Prep Set downsides or even specialists. Also kitchen tools made with copper have a tendency to be of a greater cost.<br><br>Now there are all kinds of gadget`s on the industry to sharpen a knife but the ideal of all is a steel sharpenerIt is a extended piece of metal with ridges along it , and when you run the knife on it`s surface it sharpens it. Using a steel can be a little bit hard but is the most well-known and original way to keep your knives. The kitchen knives are readily available as single things or knife sets.<br><br>On the flip side, far also quite a few individuals make do with poor good quality knives, when this is the singular most significant kitchen tool. If you do not but own a superior good quality chef's knife, restrain yourself from all other [http://search.Usa.gov/search?query=kitchen+purchases kitchen purchases] until you can justify a good one hundred$ or far more chef's knife. This makes the knives virtually indestructible, and the manage will under no circumstances separate from the blade. At least until they essentially have to use their knives Should you liked this post and you would like to acquire more info relating to Best Kitchen Knives Set Reviews ([http://www.thebestkitchenknivesreviews.com/best-knife-set-reviews-top-kitchen-sets/ www.thebestkitchenknivesreviews.Com]) i implore you to pay a visit to our own web site. .

	~~Ranking gambles by mean-preserving spreads~~ is a ~~special case of ranking gambles by second-order [[stochastic dominance]] – namely,~~ the ~~special case of equal means: If B is a mean-preserving spread of A, then A~~ is ~~second-order stochastically dominant over B; and~~ the ~~[[contraposition#Examples\|converse]] holds if A and B have equal means.~~

	~~If B~~ is a ~~mean-preserving spread of A, then B has a higher variance than A; but the converse is not~~ in ~~general true, because the variance is a complete ordering while ordering by mean-preserving spreads is only partial.~~

	~~==Example==~~

	~~This example from <ref>Landsberger, M.~~, and ~~Meilijson, I~~.~~, "Mean-preserving portfolio dominance,"~~ '~~'Review of Economic Studies'' 60~~, ~~April 1993, 479–485.</ref> shows that to have a mean~~-~~preserving spread does not require that all or most of~~ the ~~probability mass move away from~~ the ~~mean~~. ~~Let A have equal probabilities~~ <~~math~~>~~1/100~~<~~/math~~> ~~on each outcome~~ <~~math~~>~~x_{Ai}~~<~~/math~~> , with <math>x_{Ai}=198</math> for <math>i=1,\dots, 50</math> and <math>x_{Ai}=202</math> for <math>i=51,\dots,100</math>; and let B have equal probabilities <math>1/100</math> on each outcome <math>x_{Bi}</math>, with <math>x_{B1}=100</math>, <math>x_{Bi}=200</math> for <math>i=2,\dots,99</math>, and <math>x_{B100}=300</math>. Here B has been constructed from A by moving one chunk of 1% probability from 198 to ~~100~~ and ~~moving 49 probability chunks from 198~~ to ~~200~~, and ~~then moving one probability chunk from 202~~ to ~~300~~ and ~~moving 49 probability chunks~~ from ~~202 to 200~~. This ~~sequence of two mean-preserving spreads~~ is ~~itself~~ a ~~mean-preserving spread, despite the fact that 98% of~~ the ~~probability mass has moved~~ to ~~the mean (200)~~.

	~~==Mathematical definitions==~~

	~~Let~~ <~~math~~>~~x_A~~</~~math>~~ and ~~<math>x_B</math> be~~ the ~~random variables associated with gambles A and B~~. ~~Then B is~~ a ~~mean-preserving spread~~ of ~~A if~~ and ~~only if~~ <~~math~~>~~x_B \overset {d}{=} (x_A + z)~~<~~/math~~> ~~for some random variable <math>z</math> having~~ <~~math~~> ~~E(z\mid x_A)=0~~<~~/math~~> ~~for~~ all ~~values~~ of ~~<math>x_A</math>. Here <math> \overset{d}{=}</math> means "[[Random_variable#Equality_in_distribution\|~~is ~~equal in distribution to]]" (that~~ is, ~~"has~~ the ~~same distribution as")~~.

	~~Mean-preserving spreads~~ can ~~also~~ be ~~defined in terms of~~ the ~~[[cumulative distribution function]]s <math>F_A</math>~~ and <~~math~~>~~F_B~~<~~/math~~> ~~of A and B~~. If ~~A and B have equal means~~, ~~B is~~ a ~~mean-preserving spread of A if~~ and ~~only if~~ the ~~area~~ under ~~<math>F_A</math>~~ from ~~minus infinity~~ to ~~<math>x</math> is less than or equal~~ to ~~that under <math>F_B<~~/~~math> from minus infinity to <math>x<~~/~~math> for all real numbers <math>x<~~/~~math>, with strict inequality at some <math>x<~~/~~math>~~.

	~~Both of these mathematical definitions replicate those of second-order stochastic dominance for the case of equal means~~.

	~~==Relation~~ to ~~expected utility theory==~~

	~~If B is~~ a ~~mean-preserving spread of A then A will be preferred by all [[expected utility hypothesis\|expected utility]] maximizers having concave utility~~. ~~The converse also holds: if A and B have equal means and A is preferred by all expected utility maximizers having concave utility, then B is a mean-preserving spread of A~~.

	~~==See also==~~
	*[[Stochastic ordering]]

	~~==References==~~

	~~<references/>~~

	~~{{DEFAULTSORT:Mean-Preserving Spread}}~~

	~~[[Category:Theory of probability distributions]]~~
	~~[[Category:Decision theory]]~~

en>BD2412: Disambiguated: parallelism → parallel computing, OTIS → OTIS (optical network), TSE → TSE (network)

2013-04-23T02:26:39Z

Disambiguated: parallelism → parallel computing, OTIS → OTIS (optical network), TSE → TSE (network)

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:26, 23 April 2013
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~Visit our essay writing company~~ and ~~enjoy quality services~~. ~~• Are you intending~~ to ~~tell~~ the ~~narrative objectively~~. ~~Attaining proficiency in writing~~ is not ~~an easy thing and it takes considerable time~~ to ~~attain mastery in~~ the ~~writing~~ of ~~essays. We have~~ a ~~team~~ of ~~writers who~~ have ~~are highly experienced in various academics and are waiting to write on any topic given~~. If the ~~essay contains any facts~~, ~~check their accuracy with reliable sources~~. <br>~~<br>Many students have used an essay writing service at least once~~, and ~~if they were too ill or otherwise unlucky during their essay deadline~~, ~~they may have saved their grade~~-~~point average by doing so~~. ~~Make any changes needed~~ to ~~make sure~~ that ~~your ideas are clearly expressed~~, and ~~your writing has accurate spelling~~ and ~~grammar. Paragraphs~~ 2, 3, and ~~4: each paragraph covers~~ one of ~~the three points outlined in paragraph~~ 1~~. However, the fact is completely different~~ from ~~this myth~~, ~~which is writing a research paper thesis is not at all an easy business; rather it is a crucial activity because it requires time~~ and ~~effort~~ to ~~come up with proficient answers~~ and ~~explanation~~ to ~~queries~~, ~~best suiting~~ to the ~~sense of question. Our experts also impart variety of services like Custom Essay Writing, Critical Essay Writing, Essay Project Help, Essay writing Help~~. <br><br>~~They can ask themselves lots of questions~~ and ~~write down~~ the ~~answers~~. ~~If you're ready to find out more information regarding [http:~~//~~mmgboinc.unimi.it~~/~~view_profile~~.~~php?userid~~=~~47929 buy essay london~~] ~~look at our web-site. Critical thinking~~ is ~~to determine~~ the ~~meaning~~ of the ~~things we see, with this contribution to increase the likelihood~~ of ~~a desired outcome, reflective thinking, on the other hand, refers to analyze~~ and ~~make judgments about things you see or experience. So,it is wise to explore lacking sides in your essay writing task by indulging more into the process~~. If ~~you order essays for sale by them, you will definitely be completely satisfied. Article Source: you~~ have ~~difficulties with writing essays~~, ~~pay~~ a ~~visit~~ to ~~essaysprofy.~~ <br><br>~~Our custom analytical essay will provide you with enough time~~ to ~~attend to other duties. This makes clear thinking on the time-span associated with the beginning, the majority part and the conclusion. This is just one other way~~ that ~~the internet has played part~~ to ~~making lives easier~~ for ~~everyone~~. ~~And they can ask the kinds~~ of ~~quirky questions'both short answer and full-on essays'that require an element~~ of ~~self~~-~~reflection on~~ the ~~part~~ of ~~the applicant~~. ~~Selection~~ of ~~catchy and precise title~~ will ~~definitely improve the quality of essay~~. ~~<br><br>Be conscious of what you are actually putting down on paper. It can explore causes~~ and ~~reasons for current or historical events, or recount lessons learned from significant life experiences. What they~~ have ~~learnt from them~~ and ~~their goals in life and in their career path. Our work~~ is ~~to help students in writing legitimate philosophy essays and other academic papers at any time. Just take~~ a ~~look at your essay dilemma when it is really damaged down and from right here look and feel for main sources~~.		In [[probability and statistics]], a '''mean-preserving spread (MPS)'''<ref>[[Michael Rothschild\|Rothschild, Michael]], and [[Joseph Stiglitz\|Stiglitz, Joseph]], "Increasing risk I: A definition," ''Journal of Economic Theory'', 1970, 225–243.</ref> is a change from one [[probability distribution]] A to another probability distribution B, where B is formed by spreading out one or more portions of A's [[probability density function]] or [[probability mass function]] while leaving the mean (the [[expected value]]) unchanged. As such, the concept of mean-preserving spreads provides a [[stochastic ordering]] of equal-mean gambles (probability distributions) according to their degree of [[risk]]; this ordering is [[Partially ordered set\|partial]], meaning that of two equal-mean gambles, it is not necessarily true that either is a mean-preserving spread of the other. A is said to be a '''mean-preserving contraction''' of B if B is a mean-preserving spread of A.

			Ranking gambles by mean-preserving spreads is a special case of ranking gambles by second-order [[stochastic dominance]] – namely, the special case of equal means: If B is a mean-preserving spread of A, then A is second-order stochastically dominant over B; and the [[contraposition#Examples\|converse]] holds if A and B have equal means.

			If B is a mean-preserving spread of A, then B has a higher variance than A; but the converse is not in general true, because the variance is a complete ordering while ordering by mean-preserving spreads is only partial.

			==Example==

			This example from <ref>Landsberger, M., and Meilijson, I., "Mean-preserving portfolio dominance," ''Review of Economic Studies'' 60, April 1993, 479–485.</ref> shows that to have a mean-preserving spread does not require that all or most of the probability mass move away from the mean. Let A have equal probabilities <math>1/100</math> on each outcome <math>x_{Ai}</math> , with <math>x_{Ai}=198</math> for <math>i=1,\dots, 50</math> and <math>x_{Ai}=202</math> for <math>i=51,\dots,100</math>; and let B have equal probabilities <math>1/100</math> on each outcome <math>x_{Bi}</math>, with <math>x_{B1}=100</math>, <math>x_{Bi}=200</math> for <math>i=2,\dots,99</math>, and <math>x_{B100}=300</math>. Here B has been constructed from A by moving one chunk of 1% probability from 198 to 100 and moving 49 probability chunks from 198 to 200, and then moving one probability chunk from 202 to 300 and moving 49 probability chunks from 202 to 200. This sequence of two mean-preserving spreads is itself a mean-preserving spread, despite the fact that 98% of the probability mass has moved to the mean (200).

			==Mathematical definitions==

			Let <math>x_A</math> and <math>x_B</math> be the random variables associated with gambles A and B. Then B is a mean-preserving spread of A if and only if <math>x_B \overset {d}{=} (x_A + z)</math> for some random variable <math>z</math> having <math> E(z\mid x_A)=0</math> for all values of <math>x_A</math>. Here <math> \overset{d}{=}</math> means "[[Random_variable#Equality_in_distribution\|is equal in distribution to]]" (that is, "has the same distribution as").

			Mean-preserving spreads can also be defined in terms of the [[cumulative distribution function]]s <math>F_A</math> and <math>F_B</math> of A and B. If A and B have equal means, B is a mean-preserving spread of A if and only if the area under <math>F_A</math> from minus infinity to <math>x</math> is less than or equal to that under <math>F_B</math> from minus infinity to <math>x</math> for all real numbers <math>x</math>, with strict inequality at some <math>x</math>.

			Both of these mathematical definitions replicate those of second-order stochastic dominance for the case of equal means.

			==Relation to expected utility theory==

			If B is a mean-preserving spread of A then A will be preferred by all [[expected utility hypothesis\|expected utility]] maximizers having concave utility. The converse also holds: if A and B have equal means and A is preferred by all expected utility maximizers having concave utility, then B is a mean-preserving spread of A.

			==See also==
			*[[Stochastic ordering]]

			==References==

			<references/>

			{{DEFAULTSORT:Mean-Preserving Spread}}

			[[Category:Theory of probability distributions]]
			[[Category:Decision theory]]

en>AK456: WP:DPL

2012-05-31T15:03:02Z

WP:DPL

New page

Visit our essay writing company and enjoy quality services. • Are you intending to tell the narrative objectively. Attaining proficiency in writing is not an easy thing and it takes considerable time to attain mastery in the writing of essays. We have a team of writers who have are highly experienced in various academics and are waiting to write on any topic given. If the essay contains any facts, check their accuracy with reliable sources. Many students have used an essay writing service at least once, and if they were too ill or otherwise unlucky during their essay deadline, they may have saved their grade-point average by doing so. Make any changes needed to make sure that your ideas are clearly expressed, and your writing has accurate spelling and grammar. Paragraphs 2, 3, and 4: each paragraph covers one of the three points outlined in paragraph 1. However, the fact is completely different from this myth, which is writing a research paper thesis is not at all an easy business; rather it is a crucial activity because it requires time and effort to come up with proficient answers and explanation to queries, best suiting to the sense of question. Our experts also impart variety of services like Custom Essay Writing, Critical Essay Writing, Essay Project Help, Essay writing Help. They can ask themselves lots of questions and write down the answers. If you're ready to find out more information regarding [http://mmgboinc.unimi.it/view_profile.php?userid=47929 buy essay london] look at our web-site. Critical thinking is to determine the meaning of the things we see, with this contribution to increase the likelihood of a desired outcome, reflective thinking, on the other hand, refers to analyze and make judgments about things you see or experience. So,it is wise to explore lacking sides in your essay writing task by indulging more into the process. If you order essays for sale by them, you will definitely be completely satisfied. Article Source: you have difficulties with writing essays, pay a visit to essaysprofy. Our custom analytical essay will provide you with enough time to attend to other duties. This makes clear thinking on the time-span associated with the beginning, the majority part and the conclusion. This is just one other way that the internet has played part to making lives easier for everyone. And they can ask the kinds of quirky questions'both short answer and full-on essays'that require an element of self-reflection on the part of the applicant. Selection of catchy and precise title will definitely improve the quality of essay. Be conscious of what you are actually putting down on paper. It can explore causes and reasons for current or historical events, or recount lessons learned from significant life experiences. What they have learnt from them and their goals in life and in their career path. Our work is to help students in writing legitimate philosophy essays and other academic papers at any time. Just take a look at your essay dilemma when it is really damaged down and from right here look and feel for main sources.