Living anionic polymerization - Revision history

en>Magioladitis: clean up using AWB (10072)

2014-04-08T11:45:56Z

clean up using AWB (10072)

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:45, 8 April 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~{{Thermodynamics\|cTopic=[[Thermodynamic system\|Systems]]}}~~		If you are looking for a specific plugin, then you can just search for the name of the plugin. Good luck on continue learning how to make a wordpress website. Change the site's theme and you have essentially changed the site's personality. Out of the various designs of photography identified these days, sports photography is preferred most, probably for the enjoyment and enjoyment associated with it. In the most current edition you can customize your retailer layout and display hues and fonts similar to your site or blog. <br><br>Thus, it is imperative that you must Hire Word - Press Developers who have the expertise and proficiency in delivering theme integration and customization services. While direct advertising is limited to few spots in your site and tied to fixed monthly payment by the advertisers, affiliate marketing can give you unlimited income as long as you can convert your traffic to sales. A Wordpress plugin is a software that you can install into your Wordpress site. You can up your site's rank with the search engines by simply taking a bit of time with your site. Now a days it has since evolved into a fully capable CMS platform which make it, the best platform in the world for performing online business. <br><br>It is also popular because willing surrogates,as well as egg and sperm donors,are plentiful. By using Word - Press MLM websites or blogs, you and your companies presence on the internet can be created swiftly and simply. For a much deeper understanding of simple wordpress themes", check out Upon browsing such, you'll be able to know valuable facts. Every single Theme might be unique, providing several alternatives for webpage owners to reap the benefits of in an effort to instantaneously adjust their web page appear. " Thus working with a Word - Press powered web application, making any changes in the website design or website content is really easy and self explanatory. <br><br>Google Maps Excellent navigation feature with Google Maps and latitude, for letting people who have access to your account Latitude know exactly where you are. The SEOPressor Word - Press SEO Plugin works by analysing each page and post against your chosen keyword (or keyword phrase) and giving a score, with instructions on how to improve it. Specialty about our themes are that they are easy to load, compatible with latest wordpress version and are also SEO friendly. Giant business organizations can bank on enterprise solutions to incorporate latest web technologies such as content management system etc, yet some are looking for economical solutions. Digital digital cameras now function gray-scale configurations which allow expert photographers to catch images only in black and white. <br><br>Under Settings —> Reading, determine if posts or a static page will be your home page, and if your home page is a static page, what page will contain blog posts. Here's a list of some exciting Word - Press features that have created waves in the web development industry:. While deciding couple should consider the expertise of the doctor,clinics success rate,the costs of fertility treatment,including fertility tests and IVF costs and overall ones own financial budget. And, it is better that you leave it on for the duration you are writing plugin code. If you beloved this article and you would like to obtain much more details pertaining to [http://www.caliberid.com/surl/wordpressbackup410476 backup plugin] kindly stop by our own site. Press CTRL and the numbers one to six to choose your option.

	~~'''Endoreversible thermodynamics''' is a subset of irreversible [[thermodynamics]] aimed at making more realistic assumptions about [[heat transfer]] than~~ are ~~typically made in [[reversible]] thermodynamics. It gives an upper bound on the energy that can be derived from a real process that is ''lower'' than that predicted by Carnot~~ for a ~~[[Carnot cycle]]~~, ~~and accommodates~~ the ~~[[exergy]] destruction occurring as heat is transferred irreversibly.~~

	~~Endoreversible thermodynamics was discovered in simultaneous work by Novikov<ref~~ name~~="Novikov1958">I~~. ~~I. Novikov~~. ''~~The Efficiency~~ of ~~Atomic Power Stations''. Journal Nuclear Energy II~~, ~~7:125–128~~, ~~1958~~. ~~translated from Atomnaya Energiya, 3 (1957), 409~~.<~~/ref~~> ~~and Chambadal,~~<~~ref name="Chambadal1957"~~>~~Chambadal P (1957) ''Les centrales nucléaires''. Armand Colin~~, ~~Paris, France, 4 1~~-~~58</ref> although sometimes mistakenly attributed to Curzon & Ahlborn. <ref name="Curzon1975">F.L. Curzon~~ and B. ~~Ahlborn, American Journal of Physics, vol. 43, pp. 22–24 (1975)</ref>~~

	~~== Novikov engine ==~~

	~~[[File:NovikovEngine.png\|500px\|thumb\|right\|Novikov engine showing irreversible heat transfer between T_H~~ and ~~T_iH~~, ~~coupled~~ to a ~~[[Carnot cycle]] operating between T_iH and T_C~~.~~<ref name="Wagner2008"/>]]~~
	~~An equation for~~ the ~~efficiency~~ of a ~~semi-ideal [[heat engine]] operating at maximum power output in~~ which ~~''heat transfer is irreversible'' but other components are ideal can be shown to have the following form~~,~~<ref name="Bejan1996">A Bejan, J. Appl. Phys., vol. 79, pp. 1191–1218, 1 Feb. 1996 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0035-3159(96)80059-6</ref> which is~~ the ~~'''Chambadal-Novikov efficiency''':~~

	~~::<math>\eta = 1 - \sqrt{\frac{T_L}{T_H}}</math>~~

	~~In the limit of infinitesimally small power output,~~ the ~~standard Carnot result~~ for ~~efficiency is recovered~~.<~~ref name="Wagner2008"/~~> ~~For some typical cycles, the above equation (note that [[absolute temperature]]s must be used) gives the following results:~~<~~ref name="Curzon1975"/~~>~~<ref name="Callan1985">Callen~~, ~~Herbert B. (1985). Thermodynamics~~ and ~~an Introduction to Thermostatistics (2nd ed. ed.). John Wiley & Sons~~, ~~Inc.. ISBN 0-471-86256-8.</ref>~~

	~~<!-- copied from [[Heat engine]]: -->~~
	~~{\| class="wikitable"~~
	~~! ''Power Plant'' !! <math>T_c</math> (°C) !! <math>T_h</math> (°C) !! <math>\eta</math> (Carnot) !! <math>\eta</math> (Endoreversible) !! <math>\eta</math> (Observed)~~
	\|-
	~~! [[West Thurrock]] ([[United Kingdom\|UK]]) [[Fossil fuel power plant\|coal-fired power plant]]~~
	~~\| 25 \|\| 565 \|\| 0.64 \|\| 0.40 \|\| 0~~.36
	\|-
	~~! [[CANDU reactor\|CANDU]] ([[Canada]]) [[nuclear power plant]]~~
	~~\| 25 \|\| 300 \|\| 0.48 \|\| 0.28 \|\| 0.30~~
	\|-
	~~! [[Larderello]] ([[Italy]]) [[Geothermal power\|geothermal power plant]]~~
	~~\| 80 \|\| 250 \|\| 0.33 \|\| 0.178 \|\| 0.16~~
	\|}

	~~As shown~~, the ~~endoreversible efficiency~~ much ~~more closely models the observed data. However~~, such ~~an engine violates Carnot~~'~~s principle which states that work can~~ be ~~done any time there is a difference~~ in ~~temperature~~. ~~The fact that the hot and cold reservoirs are not at the same temperature as the~~ working ~~fluid they are~~ in ~~contact with means that work can and is done at~~ the ~~hot and cold reservoirs. The result~~ is ~~tantamount to coupling the high~~ and ~~low temperature parts of the cycle, so that the cycle collapses~~.<~~ref name="Lavenda2007"~~>~~B. H. Lavenda~~, Am. ~~J. Phys., vol. 75, pp. 169~~-~~175~~ (~~2007~~)~~</ref> In the Carnot cycle there is strict necessity~~ that ~~the working fluid be at the same temperatures as the heat reservoirs~~ they are ~~in contact~~ with and ~~that they~~ are ~~separated by adiabatic transformations which prevent thermal contact~~. ~~The efficiency was first derived by William Thomson <ref name="Thomson1853">W. Thomson~~, ~~Phil~~. ~~Mag. (Feb. 1853)</ref>~~ in ~~his study of an unevenly heated body in which the adiabatic partitions between bodies at different temperatures are removed~~ and ~~maximum work is performed~~. ~~It is well known that the final temperature is the geometric mean temperature~~ <~~math~~>~~\sqrt{T_HT_L}~~<~~/math~~> ~~so that the efficiency is the Carnot efficiency for an engine working between <math>T_H</math~~> and ~~<math>\sqrt{T_HT_L}</math>~~.

	<!-~~- following text copied from [[Heat engine]]~~, ~~and further edited -->~~
	~~Due to occasional confusion about~~ the ~~origins~~ of ~~the above equation~~, it is ~~sometimes named~~ the ~~'''Chambadal-Novikov-Curzon-Ahlborn efficiency'''~~.

	~~== See also ==~~

	~~[[Heat engine]]~~

	~~An introduction~~ to ~~endoreversible thermodynamics is given in the thesis by Katharina Wagner.<ref name="Wagner2008">M.Sc. Katharina Wagner, ''A graphic based interface~~ to ~~Endoreversible Thermodynamics'', TU Chemnitz, Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften, Masterarbeit (in English).~~ http://~~archiv~~.~~tu-chemnitz~~.de/~~pub~~/~~2008/0123/index.html</ref> It is also introduced~~ by Hoffman et al.<ref>K. H. Hoffmann. An introduction to endoreversible thermodynamics. Atti dell Accademia Peloritana dei Pericolanti - Classe di Scienze Fisiche, Matematiche e Naturali, pages 1–19, 2007.</ref><ref name="Hoffman1997">K. ~~H. Hoffmann, J. M. Burzler,~~ and ~~S. Schubert. Endoreversible Thermodynamics. J. Non-Equilib. Thermodyn., 22(4):311–355, 1997.</ref> A thorough discussion of~~ the ~~concept, together with many applications in engineering, is given in the book by Hans Ulrich Fuchs.<ref name="Fuchs2011">H~~. ~~U. Fuchs, ''The Dynamics of Heat'' (2nd ed.), chapter 9. Graduate Texts in Physics, Springer 2011, ISBN 978-1-4419-7603-1</ref>~~

	~~== References ==~~

	~~{{Reflist}}~~

	~~{{DEFAULTSORT:Endoreversible Thermodynamics}}~~
	~~[[Category:Thermodynamics]]~~

139.225.182.135: Mn to M_n

2014-01-29T15:15:55Z

Mn to M<sub>n</sub>

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:15, 29 January 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~Greetings. The author's name is Denice Hayman. Procuring is what she does. For a long~~ [~~http://Www.Squidoo.com/search/results?q=time+she%27s time she's~~] been residing in New Hampshire and she will by no means transfer. One particular of the issues she loves most is studying vogue but she won't be able to make it her career. Go to her site to come across out additional: http://www.benillup.cat/aspnet_client/salomon-volcano-gtx-03634665.htm<br><br>		{{Thermodynamics\|cTopic=[[Thermodynamic system\|Systems]]}}

	~~Look into my website~~ ... [http://~~www~~.~~benillup~~.~~cat~~/~~aspnet_client~~/~~salomon~~-~~volcano~~-~~gtx~~-~~03634665~~.~~htm salomon volcano gtx~~]		'''Endoreversible thermodynamics''' is a subset of irreversible [[thermodynamics]] aimed at making more realistic assumptions about [[heat transfer]] than are typically made in [[reversible]] thermodynamics. It gives an upper bound on the energy that can be derived from a real process that is ''lower'' than that predicted by Carnot for a [[Carnot cycle]], and accommodates the [[exergy]] destruction occurring as heat is transferred irreversibly.

			Endoreversible thermodynamics was discovered in simultaneous work by Novikov<ref name="Novikov1958">I. I. Novikov. ''The Efficiency of Atomic Power Stations''. Journal Nuclear Energy II, 7:125–128, 1958. translated from Atomnaya Energiya, 3 (1957), 409.</ref> and Chambadal,<ref name="Chambadal1957">Chambadal P (1957) ''Les centrales nucléaires''. Armand Colin, Paris, France, 4 1-58</ref> although sometimes mistakenly attributed to Curzon & Ahlborn. <ref name="Curzon1975">F.L. Curzon and B. Ahlborn, American Journal of Physics, vol. 43, pp. 22–24 (1975)</ref>

			== Novikov engine ==

			[[File:NovikovEngine.png\|500px\|thumb\|right\|Novikov engine showing irreversible heat transfer between T_H and T_iH, coupled to a [[Carnot cycle]] operating between T_iH and T_C.<ref name="Wagner2008"/>]]
			An equation for the efficiency of a semi-ideal [[heat engine]] operating at maximum power output in which ''heat transfer is irreversible'' but other components are ideal can be shown to have the following form,<ref name="Bejan1996">A Bejan, J. Appl. Phys., vol. 79, pp. 1191–1218, 1 Feb. 1996 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0035-3159(96)80059-6</ref> which is the '''Chambadal-Novikov efficiency''':

			::<math>\eta = 1 - \sqrt{\frac{T_L}{T_H}}</math>

			In the limit of infinitesimally small power output, the standard Carnot result for efficiency is recovered.<ref name="Wagner2008"/> For some typical cycles, the above equation (note that [[absolute temperature]]s must be used) gives the following results:<ref name="Curzon1975"/><ref name="Callan1985">Callen, Herbert B. (1985). Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics (2nd ed. ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. ISBN 0-471-86256-8.</ref>

			<!-- copied from [[Heat engine]]: -->
			{\| class="wikitable"
			! ''Power Plant'' !! <math>T_c</math> (°C) !! <math>T_h</math> (°C) !! <math>\eta</math> (Carnot) !! <math>\eta</math> (Endoreversible) !! <math>\eta</math> (Observed)
			\|-
			! [[West Thurrock]] ([[United Kingdom\|UK]]) [[Fossil fuel power plant\|coal-fired power plant]]
			\| 25 \|\| 565 \|\| 0.64 \|\| 0.40 \|\| 0.36
			\|-
			! [[CANDU reactor\|CANDU]] ([[Canada]]) [[nuclear power plant]]
			\| 25 \|\| 300 \|\| 0.48 \|\| 0.28 \|\| 0.30
			\|-
			! [[Larderello]] ([[Italy]]) [[Geothermal power\|geothermal power plant]]
			\| 80 \|\| 250 \|\| 0.33 \|\| 0.178 \|\| 0.16
			\|}

			As shown, the endoreversible efficiency much more closely models the observed data. However, such an engine violates Carnot's principle which states that work can be done any time there is a difference in temperature. The fact that the hot and cold reservoirs are not at the same temperature as the working fluid they are in contact with means that work can and is done at the hot and cold reservoirs. The result is tantamount to coupling the high and low temperature parts of the cycle, so that the cycle collapses.<ref name="Lavenda2007">B. H. Lavenda, Am. J. Phys., vol. 75, pp. 169-175 (2007)</ref> In the Carnot cycle there is strict necessity that the working fluid be at the same temperatures as the heat reservoirs they are in contact with and that they are separated by adiabatic transformations which prevent thermal contact. The efficiency was first derived by William Thomson <ref name="Thomson1853">W. Thomson, Phil. Mag. (Feb. 1853)</ref> in his study of an unevenly heated body in which the adiabatic partitions between bodies at different temperatures are removed and maximum work is performed. It is well known that the final temperature is the geometric mean temperature <math>\sqrt{T_HT_L}</math> so that the efficiency is the Carnot efficiency for an engine working between <math>T_H</math> and <math>\sqrt{T_HT_L}</math>.

			<!-- following text copied from [[Heat engine]], and further edited -->
			Due to occasional confusion about the origins of the above equation, it is sometimes named the '''Chambadal-Novikov-Curzon-Ahlborn efficiency'''.

			== See also ==

			[[Heat engine]]

			An introduction to endoreversible thermodynamics is given in the thesis by Katharina Wagner.<ref name="Wagner2008">M.Sc. Katharina Wagner, ''A graphic based interface to Endoreversible Thermodynamics'', TU Chemnitz, Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften, Masterarbeit (in English). http://archiv.tu-chemnitz.de/pub/2008/0123/index.html</ref> It is also introduced by Hoffman et al.<ref>K. H. Hoffmann. An introduction to endoreversible thermodynamics. Atti dell Accademia Peloritana dei Pericolanti - Classe di Scienze Fisiche, Matematiche e Naturali, pages 1–19, 2007.</ref><ref name="Hoffman1997">K. H. Hoffmann, J. M. Burzler, and S. Schubert. Endoreversible Thermodynamics. J. Non-Equilib. Thermodyn., 22(4):311–355, 1997.</ref> A thorough discussion of the concept, together with many applications in engineering, is given in the book by Hans Ulrich Fuchs.<ref name="Fuchs2011">H. U. Fuchs, ''The Dynamics of Heat'' (2nd ed.), chapter 9. Graduate Texts in Physics, Springer 2011, ISBN 978-1-4419-7603-1</ref>

			== References ==

			{{Reflist}}

			{{DEFAULTSORT:Endoreversible Thermodynamics}}
			[[Category:Thermodynamics]]

en>Sun Creator: /* Star Shaped Polymers */Typo fixing, typos fixed: , → , using AWB

2012-08-06T10:08:05Z

Star Shaped Polymers: Typo fixing, typos fixed: , → , using AWB

New page

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Living anionic polymerization - Revision history

en>Magioladitis: clean up using AWB (10072)

139.225.182.135: Mn to Mn

en>Sun Creator: /* Star Shaped Polymers */Typo fixing, typos fixed: , → , using AWB

139.225.182.135: Mn to M_n