List of representations of e - Revision history

2001:7C0:409:8E0A:8C84:A8B8:9CD0:60EC: /* In trigonometry */

2014-09-07T09:24:05Z

In trigonometry

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:24, 7 September 2014
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	~~In [[genetics]], a '''centimorgan''' (abbreviated '''cM''') or '''map unit''' (m.u.)~~ is ~~a unit for measuring [[genetic linkage]]~~. ~~It is defined~~ as ~~the distance between chromosome positions (also termed, [[locus (genetics)\|loci]] or [[genetic marker\|markers]]) for which the expected average number of intervening [[chromosomal crossover]]s in~~ a ~~single generation is 0~~.~~01. It is often used to infer distance along a [[chromosome]].~~		Claude is her name and she completely digs that name. She functions as a monetary officer and she will not alter it anytime quickly. The factor I adore most flower arranging and now I have time to consider on new issues. I've always loved residing in Idaho.<br><br>Also visit my web site: [http://testing6.nittanylink.com/ActivityFeed/MyProfile/tabid/60/userId/56/Default.aspx extended auto warranty]

	~~== Relation to physical distance==~~
	The ~~number of base-pairs to which it corresponds varies widely across the [[genome]] (different regions of a chromosome~~ have ~~different propensities towards crossover).~~

	~~One centimorgan corresponds~~ to about 1 million base pairs in humans on average.<ref>[http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/Glossary.aspx?acronym=False#C NIH ORDR - Glossary - C]</ref><ref>{{cite book \|author=Matthew P Scott, Paul Matsudaira, Harvey Lodish, James Darnell, Lawrence Zipursky, Chris A Kaiser, Arnold Berk, Monty Krieger \|title=Molecular Cell Biology, Fifth Edition \|publisher=W. H. Freeman \|location=San Francisco \|year=2004 \|pages=396 \|isbn=0-7167-4366-3 \|oclc= \|doi= \|quote="...in humans 1 centimorgan on ~~average represents a distance of about 7~~.~~5x10E5 base pairs"}}</ref>~~ ''[[Plasmodium falciparum]]'' has an average recombination distance of ~15 kb per centimorgan: markers separated by 15 kb of DNA (15,000 nucleotides) have an expected rate of chromosomal crossovers of 0.01 per generation. Note that non-[[Synteny\|syntenic]] genes (genes residing ~~on different chromosomes) are inherently unlinked, and cM distances have no meaning between them.~~

	~~==Relation to the probability of recombination ==~~
	~~Because genetic recombination between two markers is detected only if there are an odd number of chromosomal crossovers between the two markers, the distance~~ in centimorgans does not correspond exactly to the probability of genetic recombination. Assuming [[Haldane's map function]], where the number of chromosomal crossovers is according to a [[Poisson distribution]],<ref>{{cite web\|url= http://www.ag.ndsu.~~nodak.edu/plantsci/adv_genetics/genetics/mf/mf01.htm\|title= Department of Plant Sciences}}~~<~~/ref~~> ~~a genetic distance of ''d'' centimorgans will lead to an odd number of chromosomal crossovers, and hence a detectable genetic recombination, with probability~~
	:<~~math~~>~~\Pr[\text{recombination}\|\text{linkage of }d\text{ cM}] = \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} \Pr[2k + 1 \text{ crossovers}\|\text{linkage of }d\text{ cM}]</math>~~
	~~:<math>{} = \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} e^{-d/100} \frac{(d/100)^{2\,k+1}}{(2\,k+1)!} = e^{-d/100} \sinh(d/100) = \frac{1 - e^{-2d/100}}{2}\,,</math>~~
	~~where ''sinh(·)'' is the [[hyperbolic sine]] function. The probability of recombination is approximately ''d''/100 for small values of ''d'' and approaches 50% as ''d'' goes to infinity.~~

	~~The formula can be inverted, giving the distance in centimorgans as a function of the recombination probability:~~
	:~~<math>d=50 \ln\left({\frac{1}{1 - 2 \Pr[\text{recombination}]}}\right)\,.</math>~~

	~~==Etymology==~~
	The centimorgan was named in honor of geneticist [[Thomas Hunt Morgan]] by his student [[Alfred Henry Sturtevant]]. Note that the parent unit of the centimorgan, the '''Morgan''', is rarely used today.

	~~==External links==~~
	[http://~~hydrodictyon~~.~~eeb~~.~~uconn.edu~~/~~people~~/~~plewis~~/~~applets~~/~~CrossOver~~/~~crossingover.html Demonstration of crossing over], from the home page of the laboratory of Paul O. Lewis in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of Connecticut.~~

	~~==References==~~
	~~{{reflist\|2}}~~

	~~===Further reading===~~
	*{{cite journal \|author=Su X \|title=A genetic map and recombination parameters of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum \|journal=Science \|volume= 286\|issue= 5443\|pages= 1351–3\|date=November 1999 \|pmid=10558988 \|doi=10.1126/~~science~~.~~286.5443.1351 \|last2=Ferdig \|first2=MT \|last3=Huang \|first3=Y \|last4=Huynh \|first4=CQ \|last5=Liu \|first5=A \|last6=You \|first6=J \|last7=Wootton \|first7=JC \|last8=Wellems \|first8=TE}}~~

	~~[[Category:Units of measurement]]~~
	~~[[Category:Genetics]]~~
	~~[[Category:Molecular genetics]~~]

en>GiantSteps: /* As an infinite series */This is not a complete list, hence the grammatical change

2013-06-16T23:08:05Z

As an infinite series: This is not a complete list, hence the grammatical change

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:08, 17 June 2013
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	~~Friends contact him Royal~~. ~~Delaware has always been my living location and will never transfer~~. ~~The preferred hobby~~ for ~~my kids and me~~ is ~~playing crochet and now I'm trying~~ to ~~earn cash with~~ it. ~~Bookkeeping is what she does~~.<br><br>~~Check out my blog post~~ - ~~extended car warranty~~ ([http://~~Mirim~~.ir/~~index~~.~~php?do~~=/~~profile~~-~~202~~/~~info~~/ ~~Suggested Website~~])		In [[genetics]], a '''centimorgan''' (abbreviated '''cM''') or '''map unit''' (m.u.) is a unit for measuring [[genetic linkage]]. It is defined as the distance between chromosome positions (also termed, [[locus (genetics)\|loci]] or [[genetic marker\|markers]]) for which the expected average number of intervening [[chromosomal crossover]]s in a single generation is 0.01. It is often used to infer distance along a [[chromosome]].

			== Relation to physical distance==
			The number of base-pairs to which it corresponds varies widely across the [[genome]] (different regions of a chromosome have different propensities towards crossover).

			One centimorgan corresponds to about 1 million base pairs in humans on average.<ref>[http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/Glossary.aspx?acronym=False#C NIH ORDR - Glossary - C]</ref><ref>{{cite book \|author=Matthew P Scott, Paul Matsudaira, Harvey Lodish, James Darnell, Lawrence Zipursky, Chris A Kaiser, Arnold Berk, Monty Krieger \|title=Molecular Cell Biology, Fifth Edition \|publisher=W. H. Freeman \|location=San Francisco \|year=2004 \|pages=396 \|isbn=0-7167-4366-3 \|oclc= \|doi= \|quote="...in humans 1 centimorgan on average represents a distance of about 7.5x10E5 base pairs"}}</ref> ''[[Plasmodium falciparum]]'' has an average recombination distance of ~15 kb per centimorgan: markers separated by 15 kb of DNA (15,000 nucleotides) have an expected rate of chromosomal crossovers of 0.01 per generation. Note that non-[[Synteny\|syntenic]] genes (genes residing on different chromosomes) are inherently unlinked, and cM distances have no meaning between them.

			==Relation to the probability of recombination ==
			Because genetic recombination between two markers is detected only if there are an odd number of chromosomal crossovers between the two markers, the distance in centimorgans does not correspond exactly to the probability of genetic recombination. Assuming [[Haldane's map function]], where the number of chromosomal crossovers is according to a [[Poisson distribution]],<ref>{{cite web\|url= http://www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/plantsci/adv_genetics/genetics/mf/mf01.htm\|title= Department of Plant Sciences}}</ref> a genetic distance of ''d'' centimorgans will lead to an odd number of chromosomal crossovers, and hence a detectable genetic recombination, with probability
			:<math>\Pr[\text{recombination}\|\text{linkage of }d\text{ cM}] = \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} \Pr[2k + 1 \text{ crossovers}\|\text{linkage of }d\text{ cM}]</math>
			:<math>{} = \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} e^{-d/100} \frac{(d/100)^{2\,k+1}}{(2\,k+1)!} = e^{-d/100} \sinh(d/100) = \frac{1 - e^{-2d/100}}{2}\,,</math>
			where ''sinh(·)'' is the [[hyperbolic sine]] function. The probability of recombination is approximately ''d''/100 for small values of ''d'' and approaches 50% as ''d'' goes to infinity.

			The formula can be inverted, giving the distance in centimorgans as a function of the recombination probability:
			:<math>d=50 \ln\left({\frac{1}{1 - 2 \Pr[\text{recombination}]}}\right)\,.</math>

			==Etymology==
			The centimorgan was named in honor of geneticist [[Thomas Hunt Morgan]] by his student [[Alfred Henry Sturtevant]]. Note that the parent unit of the centimorgan, the '''Morgan''', is rarely used today.

			==External links==
			[http://hydrodictyon.eeb.uconn.edu/people/plewis/applets/CrossOver/crossingover.html Demonstration of crossing over], from the home page of the laboratory of Paul O. Lewis in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of Connecticut.

			==References==
			{{reflist\|2}}

			===Further reading===
			*{{cite journal \|author=Su X \|title=A genetic map and recombination parameters of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum \|journal=Science \|volume= 286\|issue= 5443\|pages= 1351–3\|date=November 1999 \|pmid=10558988 \|doi=10.1126/science.286.5443.1351 \|last2=Ferdig \|first2=MT \|last3=Huang \|first3=Y \|last4=Huynh \|first4=CQ \|last5=Liu \|first5=A \|last6=You \|first6=J \|last7=Wootton \|first7=JC \|last8=Wellems \|first8=TE}}

			[[Category:Units of measurement]]
			[[Category:Genetics]]
			[[Category:Molecular genetics]]

en>LaaknorBot: Robot: Adding pt:Representações de e

2012-06-23T17:45:48Z

Robot: Adding pt:Representações de e

New page

Friends contact him Royal. Delaware has always been my living location and will never transfer. The preferred hobby for my kids and me is playing crochet and now I'm trying to earn cash with it. Bookkeeping is what she does.<br><br>Check out my blog post - extended car warranty ([http://Mirim.ir/index.php?do=/profile-202/info/ Suggested Website])