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2014-08-13T03:14:34Z

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	In [[game theory]], a '''repeated game''' ('''supergame''' or '''iterated game''') is an [[extensive form game]] which consists in some number of repetitions of some base game (called a '''stage game'''). The stage game is usually one of the well-studied [[list of games in game theory\|2-person games]]. It captures the idea that a player will have to take into account the impact of his current action on the future actions of other players; this is sometimes called his reputation. The presence of different [[Nash equilibrium\|equilibrium]] properties is because the threat of retaliation is real, ~~since one will play the game again with the same person. It can be proved that every strategy that has a payoff greater than the minmax payoff can be a [[Nash equilibrium\|Nash Equilibrium]], which~~ is ~~a very large set of strategies~~. '~~'Single stage game'' or ''single shot game'' are names for non-repeated games.~~		Nice to satisfy you, my name is Refugia. Since she was 18 she's been operating as a meter reader but she's usually wanted her personal business. To collect cash is one of the things I adore most. South Dakota is her beginning location but she needs to transfer simply because of her family members.<br><br>Feel free to visit my webpage at home std test ([http://kpchurch.org/?document_srl=1359143 please click the following website])

	~~==Finitely vs infinitely repeated games==~~
	Repeated games may be broadly divided into two classes, depending on whether the horizon is finite or infinite. The results in these two cases are very different. Even finitely repeated games are not necessarily finite horizon, the player may just perceive a ~~probability of another cycle and act accordingly. For example, the fact that everyone has a fixed lifetime doesn~~'~~t mean that all games should be finite horizon~~. ~~Also, players might act differently when the horizon~~ is ~~far away as opposed to when it is close by, which can probably be thought~~ of ~~as a time modifier function applied to~~ the ~~payoff. The difference in strategies for finite versus infinite horizon games is a hotly debated topic, and many game theorists have differing views regarding it.~~

	~~==Infinitely repeated games==~~

	~~The~~ most ~~widely studied repeated games are games that are repeated a possibly infinite number of times~~. ~~On many occasions, it~~ is ~~found that the optimal method of playing a repeated game is not to repeatedly play a Nash strategy of the constituent game (look at the Repeated prisoner's dilemma example),~~ but to cooperate and play a socially optimum strategy. This can be interpreted as a "social norm" and one essential part of infinitely repeated games is punishing players who deviate from this cooperative strategy. The punishment may be something like playing a strategy which leads to reduced payoff to both players for the rest of the game (called a trigger strategy). There are many results in theorems which deal with how to achieve and maintain a socially optimal equilibrium in repeated games. These results are collectively called [[Folk theorem (game theory)\|''"Folk Theorems"'']]. An important feature of a repeated game is the way in which a player's preferences may be modeled.
	~~There are many different ways in which a preference relation may be modeled in an infinitely repeated game, the main ones are :~~
	*Discounting - valuation of the game diminishes with time depending on the discount parameter <math>\delta</math>
	*Limit of ~~means - can be thought of as an average over T periods as T approaches infinity~~. <~~math>\lim_{T\to\infty}\sum_{t=1}^T \frac{1}{T}(v_i^t) > 0</math>~~
	*Overtaking - Sequence <math>v_i^t</math> ~~is superior to sequence~~ <~~math~~>~~w_i^t</math>~~

	~~==Finitely repeated games==~~

	As explained earlier, finite games can be divided into two broad classes. In the first class of finitely repeated games where the time period is fixed and known, it is optimal to play the Nash strategy in the last period. When the Nash Equilibrium payoff is equal to the minmax payoff, then the player has no reason to stick to a socially optimum strategy and is free to play a selfish strategy throughout, since the punishment cannot affect him (being equal to the minmax payoff). This deviation to a selfish Nash Equilibrium strategy is explained by the [[Chainstore paradox]]. The second class of finitely repeated games are usually thought of as infinitely repeated games.

	~~==Repeated prisoner's dilemma==~~

	~~Although the [[Prisoner's dilemma]] has only one [[Nash equilibrium]]~~ (everyone defect), cooperation can be sustained in the repeated Prisoner's dilemma if the discount factor is not too low; that is, if the players are interested enough in future outcomes of the game. Strategies known as [[Trigger strategy\|trigger strategies]] comprise Nash equilibria of the repeated Prisoner's dilemma. However, Prisoner's dilemma is one where the minmax value is equal to the Nash Equilbrium payoff. This means that a player who knows the exact horizon may just decide to switch to Defect without fear of punishment.

	An example of repeated prisoner's dilemma is the WWI trench warfare. Here, though initially it was best to cause as much damage to the other party as possible, as time passed and the opposing parties got to 'know' each other, they realised that causing as much damage as possible to the other by, e.g. artillery will only prompt a similar response: e.g. blowing up the foodstock of the other (through bombardment) will only leave both battalions hungry. After some time, the opposing battalions learned that it is sufficient to ''show'' what they are capable of, instead of actually carrying out the act.{{Citation needed\|date=January 2013}}

	~~==Solving repeated games==~~

	~~Complex repeated games can be solved using various techniques most of which rely heavily on [[linear algebra]] and the concepts expressed in [[fictitious play]].~~

	~~==Incomplete information==~~
	Repeated games can include incomplete information. Repeated games with incomplete information, were pioneered by Aumann and Maschler.<ref>Aumann, R. J., and Maschler, M. 1995. ''Repeated Games with Incomplete Information''.
	~~Cambridge London: MIT Press~~ [http://~~books.google.co~~.jp/~~books~~?id=~~xaa7xZ-WGBsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:hbtf5ZKpSekC&hl=en&sa=X&ei=D4zGT6SNDeudmQXrtuyuBQ&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=editions%3Ahbtf5ZKpSekC&f=false~~]</ref> While it is easier to treat situation where one player is informed the other not, and when information received by each player is independent, it is possible to deal with zero-sum games with incomplete information on both sides and signals are not independent.<ref>
	~~Mertens J-F (1987~~) ~~Repeated games. In: Proceedings of the international congress of mathematicians,~~
	~~Berkeley 1986. American Mathematical Society, Providence, pp 1528–1577</ref>~~

	~~== References ==~~
	~~{{Reflist}}~~
	*{{cite book \|last=Fudenberg \|first=Drew \|authorlink2=Jean Tirole \|first2=Jean \|last2=Tirole \|year=1991 \|title=Game Theory \|location=Cambridge \|publisher=MIT Press \|isbn=0-262-06141-4 }}
	*{{cite book \|last=Mailath \|first=G. \|lastauthoramp=yes \|last2=Samuelson \|first2=L. \|year=2006 \|title=Repeated games and reputations: long-run relationships \|location=New York \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=0-19-530079-3 }}
	*{{cite book \|first=Martin J. \|last=Osborne \|first2=Ariel \|last2=Rubinstein \|title=A Course in Game Theory \|location=Cambridge \|publisher=MIT Press \|year=1994 \|isbn=0-262-15041-7 }}
	*{{cite book \|first=Sylvain \|last=Sorin \|year=2002 \|title=A First Course on Zero-Sum Repeated Games \|publisher=Springer \|location=Berlin \|isbn=3-540-43028-8 }}

	~~==External links==~~
	*[http://www.dudziak.com/poker.php Game-Theoretic Solution to Poker Using Fictitious Play]
	*[http://wiki.cc.gatech.edu/theory/index.php/Repeated_games Game Theory notes on Repeated games]

	~~{{Game theory}}~~

	~~[[Category:Game theory]]~~

76.114.84.190 at 02:04, 4 December 2012

2012-12-04T02:04:10Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:04, 4 December 2012
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	~~Hello~~ and ~~welcome~~. ~~My title~~ is ~~Figures Wunder~~. ~~My day occupation~~ is a ~~meter reader~~. ~~One~~ of the ~~extremely best things in~~ the ~~world~~ for ~~me is~~ to ~~do aerobics~~ and ~~now I~~'~~m attempting~~ to ~~earn money with~~ it. ~~For many years he~~'s ~~been residing~~ in ~~North Dakota~~ and ~~his family enjoys~~ it.<br><br>~~Also visit my website~~ :: [http://www.~~ninfeta~~.tv/~~blog~~/~~99493 std testing at home~~]		In [[game theory]], a '''repeated game''' ('''supergame''' or '''iterated game''') is an [[extensive form game]] which consists in some number of repetitions of some base game (called a '''stage game'''). The stage game is usually one of the well-studied [[list of games in game theory\|2-person games]]. It captures the idea that a player will have to take into account the impact of his current action on the future actions of other players; this is sometimes called his reputation. The presence of different [[Nash equilibrium\|equilibrium]] properties is because the threat of retaliation is real, since one will play the game again with the same person. It can be proved that every strategy that has a payoff greater than the minmax payoff can be a [[Nash equilibrium\|Nash Equilibrium]], which is a very large set of strategies. ''Single stage game'' or ''single shot game'' are names for non-repeated games.

			==Finitely vs infinitely repeated games==
			Repeated games may be broadly divided into two classes, depending on whether the horizon is finite or infinite. The results in these two cases are very different. Even finitely repeated games are not necessarily finite horizon, the player may just perceive a probability of another cycle and act accordingly. For example, the fact that everyone has a fixed lifetime doesn't mean that all games should be finite horizon. Also, players might act differently when the horizon is far away as opposed to when it is close by, which can probably be thought of as a time modifier function applied to the payoff. The difference in strategies for finite versus infinite horizon games is a hotly debated topic, and many game theorists have differing views regarding it.

			==Infinitely repeated games==

			The most widely studied repeated games are games that are repeated a possibly infinite number of times. On many occasions, it is found that the optimal method of playing a repeated game is not to repeatedly play a Nash strategy of the constituent game (look at the Repeated prisoner's dilemma example), but to cooperate and play a socially optimum strategy. This can be interpreted as a "social norm" and one essential part of infinitely repeated games is punishing players who deviate from this cooperative strategy. The punishment may be something like playing a strategy which leads to reduced payoff to both players for the rest of the game (called a trigger strategy). There are many results in theorems which deal with how to achieve and maintain a socially optimal equilibrium in repeated games. These results are collectively called [[Folk theorem (game theory)\|''"Folk Theorems"'']]. An important feature of a repeated game is the way in which a player's preferences may be modeled.
			There are many different ways in which a preference relation may be modeled in an infinitely repeated game, the main ones are :
			*Discounting - valuation of the game diminishes with time depending on the discount parameter <math>\delta</math>
			*Limit of means - can be thought of as an average over T periods as T approaches infinity. <math>\lim_{T\to\infty}\sum_{t=1}^T \frac{1}{T}(v_i^t) > 0</math>
			*Overtaking - Sequence <math>v_i^t</math> is superior to sequence <math>w_i^t</math>

			==Finitely repeated games==

			As explained earlier, finite games can be divided into two broad classes. In the first class of finitely repeated games where the time period is fixed and known, it is optimal to play the Nash strategy in the last period. When the Nash Equilibrium payoff is equal to the minmax payoff, then the player has no reason to stick to a socially optimum strategy and is free to play a selfish strategy throughout, since the punishment cannot affect him (being equal to the minmax payoff). This deviation to a selfish Nash Equilibrium strategy is explained by the [[Chainstore paradox]]. The second class of finitely repeated games are usually thought of as infinitely repeated games.

			==Repeated prisoner's dilemma==

			Although the [[Prisoner's dilemma]] has only one [[Nash equilibrium]] (everyone defect), cooperation can be sustained in the repeated Prisoner's dilemma if the discount factor is not too low; that is, if the players are interested enough in future outcomes of the game. Strategies known as [[Trigger strategy\|trigger strategies]] comprise Nash equilibria of the repeated Prisoner's dilemma. However, Prisoner's dilemma is one where the minmax value is equal to the Nash Equilbrium payoff. This means that a player who knows the exact horizon may just decide to switch to Defect without fear of punishment.

			An example of repeated prisoner's dilemma is the WWI trench warfare. Here, though initially it was best to cause as much damage to the other party as possible, as time passed and the opposing parties got to 'know' each other, they realised that causing as much damage as possible to the other by, e.g. artillery will only prompt a similar response: e.g. blowing up the foodstock of the other (through bombardment) will only leave both battalions hungry. After some time, the opposing battalions learned that it is sufficient to ''show'' what they are capable of, instead of actually carrying out the act.{{Citation needed\|date=January 2013}}

			==Solving repeated games==

			Complex repeated games can be solved using various techniques most of which rely heavily on [[linear algebra]] and the concepts expressed in [[fictitious play]].

			==Incomplete information==
			Repeated games can include incomplete information. Repeated games with incomplete information, were pioneered by Aumann and Maschler.<ref>Aumann, R. J., and Maschler, M. 1995. ''Repeated Games with Incomplete Information''.
			Cambridge London: MIT Press [http://books.google.co.jp/books?id=xaa7xZ-WGBsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:hbtf5ZKpSekC&hl=en&sa=X&ei=D4zGT6SNDeudmQXrtuyuBQ&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=editions%3Ahbtf5ZKpSekC&f=false]</ref> While it is easier to treat situation where one player is informed the other not, and when information received by each player is independent, it is possible to deal with zero-sum games with incomplete information on both sides and signals are not independent.<ref>
			Mertens J-F (1987) Repeated games. In: Proceedings of the international congress of mathematicians,
			Berkeley 1986. American Mathematical Society, Providence, pp 1528–1577</ref>

			== References ==
			{{Reflist}}
			*{{cite book \|last=Fudenberg \|first=Drew \|authorlink2=Jean Tirole \|first2=Jean \|last2=Tirole \|year=1991 \|title=Game Theory \|location=Cambridge \|publisher=MIT Press \|isbn=0-262-06141-4 }}
			*{{cite book \|last=Mailath \|first=G. \|lastauthoramp=yes \|last2=Samuelson \|first2=L. \|year=2006 \|title=Repeated games and reputations: long-run relationships \|location=New York \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=0-19-530079-3 }}
			*{{cite book \|first=Martin J. \|last=Osborne \|first2=Ariel \|last2=Rubinstein \|title=A Course in Game Theory \|location=Cambridge \|publisher=MIT Press \|year=1994 \|isbn=0-262-15041-7 }}
			*{{cite book \|first=Sylvain \|last=Sorin \|year=2002 \|title=A First Course on Zero-Sum Repeated Games \|publisher=Springer \|location=Berlin \|isbn=3-540-43028-8 }}

			==External links==
			*[http://www.dudziak.com/poker.php Game-Theoretic Solution to Poker Using Fictitious Play]
			*[http://wiki.cc.gatech.edu/theory/index.php/Repeated_games Game Theory notes on Repeated games]

			{{Game theory}}

			[[Category:Game theory]]

en>Bender235: /* References */Typo fixing, typos fixed: , → , (2) using AWB

2012-06-04T22:17:40Z

References: Typo fixing, typos fixed: , → , (2) using AWB

New page

Hello and welcome. My title is Figures Wunder. My day occupation is a meter reader. One of the extremely best things in the world for me is to do aerobics and now I'm attempting to earn money with it. For many years he's been residing in North Dakota and his family enjoys it.<br><br>Also visit my website :: [http://www.ninfeta.tv/blog/99493 std testing at home]