24.114.77.79 at 15:02, 11 October 2014

2014-10-11T15:02:17Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:02, 11 October 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~The~~ '''~~quantum yield~~ (Φ)~~''' of a [[radiation]]-induced process is~~ the ~~number of times a specific event occurs per [[photon]] absorbed~~ by the ~~system~~. ~~The~~ "~~event~~" ~~is typically~~ a ~~kind~~ of ~~[[chemical reaction]]~~.		NEW YORK - Jay Victorino was standing outside his mom's condo when he was grabbed by police, and he says if she hadn't come downstairs to determine him he would've been arrested on a trespassing charge.<br><br>JLL ranked high actual property investment advisor in Asia Pacific Newest information from Actual Capital Analytics (RCA) reveals real property advisory firm advised on essentially the most deals by value in the area in 2013 JLL named Greatest Performing Property Brand for second yr operating JLL has been named Greatest Performing Property Brand on the twelfth Annual MPF Awards for Management Excellence. Through its wholly-ownded subsidiary, Frasers Centrepoint Limited ("FCL"), Fraser and Neave, Limited ("F&N") has a world portfolio of high quality residential properties, serviced residences, actual property and fund management, and business properties which embody retail malls, workplaces and enterprise parks. FCL is considered one of Singapore's prime three property corporations with complete property of over $8 billion.<br><br>Long tenure loans pose dangers to each lenders and borrowers. The lower preliminary month-to-month repayments, made possible by lengthy mortgage tenures and the current low rates of interest, might lead debtors to over-estimate their capacity to service the loans, and take a much bigger loan than they can really afford. A rising property market could give false confidence to each borrowers and lenders that ought to there be problem in servicing the mortgage they can at all times promote the property at a higher worth. In reality, long tenure loans impose a larger debt repayment burden on debtors as interest accumulates over an extended interval.<br><br>Its aroma acts as a stimulant. It is carminative, which means it helps in relieving from gas. It is used to deal with many stomach-associated issues. This herbal medication is used in opposition to nausea, dyspepsia, flatulence, catarrh, rheumatism, and enteritis. It additionally has tonic and antibacterial properties. Due to these two properties it's utilized in veterinary and homeopathic drugs. Its root can be utilized for treating fungal infections and in pain relief of joints and muscular tissues.<br><br>A caveat^ shall be lodged by your lawyer with the Singapore Land Authority against the property. An LO is buy a house in singapore, [http://thirty0.com/spartan/groups/new-launch-property-in-singapore/ visit the up coming website], proper offer of house loan from the financial institution, setting out the phrases and circumstances governing the home loan provided therein. ^ A caveat serves as a public discover that the particular person lodging it's claiming an curiosity within the property, and it will lapse 5 years from the date of lodgement, unless it is discharged or renewed. Meet your Lawyer Freehold Condominium at Bukit Timah, close to to approaching King Albert Park MRT. Total of 536 items from 1BR to 4BR, with 162 luxurious brand new and improved flats accessible for sale. The property tax is calculated by multiplying the Annual Worth (AV) of the property with the prevailing property tax price Property Tax charges<br><br>But recently they have been transferring up market, brokers say. The present in-vogue building among the Chinese is Central Park's One57, a brand new skyscraper designed by Pritzker Prize-profitable French architect Christian de Portzamparc, where they will spend $18.85 million for a three-bedroom or $fifty five million for an condo taking over the entire 81st ground. The constructing comes with all the amenities of a five-star resort. Shanghai businessman Wang Jiguang has already picked up two homes in one other major Australian metropolis, Melbourne, and one residence in Sydney. "My youngster is going to study overseas, and we're just getting ready some abroad assets for our little one, which will likely be much less risky," Wang stated in a phone interview from Shanghai. Uses in Hair and Skin Care<br><br>To reply that query, let us take a look at the house possession rate for Singaporeans and Singapore Residents. Based mostly on data from the department of statistics, it may be seen that the home ownership rate in 2012 is 90.1%. In other phrases, 9 out of 10 Singaporeans and Singapore residents own at the least one property (i.e. their dwelling). Only one out of 10 don't presently own their house and might probably nonetheless purchase properties with out a lot restrictions.

	~~==Applications==~~
	~~The quantum yield for the decomposition~~ of ~~a reactant molecule in a [[chemical decomposition\|decomposition reaction]] is defined as:~~

	<~~math~~> ~~\Phi = \frac{\rm \#\ molecules \ decomposed} {\rm \#\ photons \ absorbed}~~ <~~/math~~>

	~~Quantum yield~~ can ~~also~~ be ~~defined for other events~~, ~~such~~ as ~~[[fluorescence]]:~~

	<~~math~~> ~~\Phi = \frac {\rm \#\ photons \ emitted} {\rm \#\ photons \ absorbed}~~ <~~/math~~>

	~~Here~~, ~~quantum yield~~ is ~~the emission efficiency of a given [[fluorophore]]~~.

	~~== Examples ==~~
	~~Quantum yield~~ is used in modeling [[photosynthesis]]:<ref name="pmid18359752">{{cite journal \| author = Skillman JB \| title = Quantum yield variation across the three pathways of photosynthesis: not yet out of the dark \| journal = [[Journal of Experimental Botany\|J. ~~Exp~~. ~~Bot~~.~~]] \| volume = 59 \| issue = 7 \| pages = 1647–61 \| year = 2008 \| pmid = 18359752 \| doi = 10~~.~~1093/jxb/ern029 }}~~<~~/ref~~>

	<~~math~~> ~~\Phi = \frac {\rm \mu mol\ CO_2 \ fixed} {\rm \mu mol\ photons \ absorbed} </math>~~

	~~In a chemical [[photodegradation]] process, when a molecule falls apart after absorbing a light [[quantum]], the quantum yield is the number of destroyed molecules divided~~ by the ~~number of photons absorbed by~~ the ~~system~~. ~~Since not all photons are absorbed productively~~, ~~the typical quantum yield will be less than 1~~.

	~~Quantum yields greater than 1 are possible for photo~~-~~induced or radiation~~-~~induced chain reactions,~~ in ~~which a single photon may trigger a long chain of transformations. One example is~~ the ~~reaction of [[hydrogen]] with [[chlorine]~~], ~~in which a few hundred molecules~~ of ~~[[hydrochloric acid]] are typically formed per quantum of blue light absorbed.~~

	~~In [[optical spectroscopy]]~~, the ~~quantum yield is~~ the ~~probability~~ that ~~a given quantum state is formed from~~ the ~~system initially prepared in some other quantum state. For example~~, ~~a [[singlet]] to [[Spin triplet\|triplet]] transition quantum yield is~~ the ~~fraction~~ of ~~molecules that~~, ~~after being photoexcited into a singlet state~~, ~~cross over~~ to ~~the triplet state~~.

	~~The '''fluorescence quantum yield''' is defined as the ratio~~ of ~~the number of photons emitted~~ to ~~the number of photons absorbed. Experimentally~~, ~~relative fluorescence quantum yields can be determined by measuring fluorescence of a fluorophore of known quantum yield~~ with ~~the same experimental parameters (excitation [[wavelength]], slit widths, [[photomultiplier]] voltage etc.) as the substance in question~~. The ~~quantum yield~~ is ~~then~~ calculated by:
	<~~center~~>
	<~~math~~>~~\Phi = \Phi_R\times\frac{Int}{Int_R}\frac{1~~-~~10^{~~-~~A_R}}{1~~-~~10^{-A}}\frac{{n}^2}{{n_R}^2}</math>~~
	~~</center>~~

	~~where <math>\Phi</math> is~~ the ~~quantum yield, '' Int '' is~~ the ~~area under the emission peak (on~~ a ~~wavelength scale)~~, ~~''A''~~ is ~~[[absorbance]] (also called "optical density") at the excitation wavelength~~, and '~~'n'' is the [[refractive index]] of the [[solvent]]. The subscript R denotes the respective values of the reference substance~~.<~~ref~~>~~Albert M. Brouwer~~, ~~[http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/83/12/2213/ Standards~~ for ~~photoluminescence quantum yield measurements in solution] (IUPAC Technical Report), [[Pure~~ and ~~Applied Chemistry\|Pure Appl~~. ~~Chem.]]~~, ~~Vol~~. ~~83, No~~. 12, pp. ~~2213–2228, 2011~~. ~~[http://www~~.~~iupac.org/publications/pac/83/12/2213/ doi:~~10.~~1351/PAC-REP-10-09-31]</ref>~~

	~~==See also==~~
	*[[Quantum efficiency\|Quantum Efficiency]]

	~~== References ==~~
	~~{{reflist}}~~

	~~{{DEFAULTSORT:Quantum Yield}}~~
	~~[[Category:Radiation]]~~
	~~[[Category:Spectroscopy]]~~
	~~[[Category:Photochemistry]]~~

en>ChrisGualtieri: /* Bibliography */Remove stub template(s). Page is start class or higher. Also check for and do General Fixes + Checkwiki fixes using AWB

2013-12-13T01:25:08Z

Bibliography: Remove stub template(s). Page is start class or higher. Also check for and do General Fixes + Checkwiki fixes using AWB

New page

The '''quantum yield (Φ)''' of a [[radiation]]-induced process is the number of times a specific event occurs per [[photon]] absorbed by the system. The "event" is typically a kind of [[chemical reaction]].

==Applications==
The quantum yield for the decomposition of a reactant molecule in a [[chemical decomposition|decomposition reaction]] is defined as:

<math> \Phi = \frac{\rm \#\ molecules \ decomposed} {\rm \#\ photons \ absorbed} </math>

Quantum yield can also be defined for other events, such as [[fluorescence]]:

<math> \Phi = \frac {\rm \#\ photons \ emitted} {\rm \#\ photons \ absorbed} </math>

Here, quantum yield is the emission efficiency of a given [[fluorophore]].

== Examples ==
Quantum yield is used in modeling [[photosynthesis]]:<ref name="pmid18359752">{{cite journal | author = Skillman JB | title = Quantum yield variation across the three pathways of photosynthesis: not yet out of the dark | journal = [[Journal of Experimental Botany|J. Exp. Bot.]] | volume = 59 | issue = 7 | pages = 1647–61 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18359752 | doi = 10.1093/jxb/ern029 }}</ref>

<math> \Phi = \frac {\rm \mu mol\ CO_2 \ fixed} {\rm \mu mol\ photons \ absorbed} </math>

In a chemical [[photodegradation]] process, when a molecule falls apart after absorbing a light [[quantum]], the quantum yield is the number of destroyed molecules divided by the number of photons absorbed by the system. Since not all photons are absorbed productively, the typical quantum yield will be less than 1.

Quantum yields greater than 1 are possible for photo-induced or radiation-induced chain reactions, in which a single photon may trigger a long chain of transformations. One example is the reaction of [[hydrogen]] with [[chlorine]], in which a few hundred molecules of [[hydrochloric acid]] are typically formed per quantum of blue light absorbed.

In [[optical spectroscopy]], the quantum yield is the probability that a given quantum state is formed from the system initially prepared in some other quantum state. For example, a [[singlet]] to [[Spin triplet|triplet]] transition quantum yield is the fraction of molecules that, after being photoexcited into a singlet state, cross over to the triplet state.

The '''fluorescence quantum yield''' is defined as the ratio of the number of photons emitted to the number of photons absorbed. Experimentally, relative fluorescence quantum yields can be determined by measuring fluorescence of a fluorophore of known quantum yield with the same experimental parameters (excitation [[wavelength]], slit widths, [[photomultiplier]] voltage etc.) as the substance in question. The quantum yield is then calculated by:
<center>
<math>\Phi = \Phi_R\times\frac{Int}{Int_R}\frac{1-10^{-A_R}}{1-10^{-A}}\frac{{n}^2}{{n_R}^2}</math>
</center>

where <math>\Phi</math> is the quantum yield, '' Int '' is the area under the emission peak (on a wavelength scale), ''A'' is [[absorbance]] (also called "optical density") at the excitation wavelength, and ''n'' is the [[refractive index]] of the [[solvent]]. The subscript R denotes the respective values of the reference substance.<ref>Albert M. Brouwer, [http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/83/12/2213/ Standards for photoluminescence quantum yield measurements in solution] (IUPAC Technical Report), [[Pure and Applied Chemistry|Pure Appl. Chem.]], Vol. 83, No. 12, pp. 2213–2228, 2011. [http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/83/12/2213/ doi:10.1351/PAC-REP-10-09-31]</ref>

==See also==
*[[Quantum efficiency|Quantum Efficiency]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Quantum Yield}}
[[Category:Radiation]]
[[Category:Spectroscopy]]
[[Category:Photochemistry]]

Hydrogen cycle - Revision history

24.114.77.79 at 15:02, 11 October 2014

en>ChrisGualtieri: /* Bibliography */Remove stub template(s). Page is start class or higher. Also check for and do General Fixes + Checkwiki fixes using AWB