Event partitioning - Revision history

en>Monkbot: /* Actor → Event → Detect → Respond */Task 3a: Fix CS1 deprecated coauthor parameter errors

2014-07-28T16:02:55Z

Actor → Event → Detect → Respond: Task 3a: Fix CS1 deprecated coauthor parameter errors

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:02, 28 July 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
	'''Zinc-copper couple''' is an [[alloy]] of [[zinc]] and [[copper]] that is employed as a reagent in [[organic synthesis]]. The “couple” was popularized after the report by Simmons and Smith in 1959 of its application as an activated source of zinc required for formation of an [[Organozinc compound\|organozinc reagent]] in the [[Simmons–Smith reaction\|Simmons–Smith cyclopropanation]] of [[alkene]]s.<ref name=Simmons>{{cite journal \| title = A New Synthesis of Cyclopropanes \| author = Howard H. Simmons, ~~Ronald D. Smith \| journal = [[J. Am. Chem. Soc.]] \| year = 1959 \| volume = 81 \| issue = 16 \| pages = 4256–4264 \| doi = 10.1021/ja01525a036}}</ref> The couple~~ has been widely applied as a reagent in other reactions requiring activated zinc metal. Zinc-copper couple does not refer to a rigorously defined chemical structure or alloy composition. The couple may contain varying proportions of copper and zinc; the zinc content is typically greater than 90%, although an alloy containing similar proportions of zinc and copper is used in some cases. The couple is frequently prepared as a darkly-colored powder and is slurried in an ethereal solvent prior to being used in slight excess relative to the substrate. Activation of zinc by copper is essential to the couple’s utility, but the origin of this effect is poorly documented. It is speculated that copper enhances reactivity of zinc at the surface of the alloy.<ref>{{cite journal \| title = Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis \| author = Scott D. Rychnovsky, Jay P. Powers \| journal = [[Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis]] \| year = 2001 \| doi = 10.1002/047084289X.rz011 \| chapter = Zinc/Copper Couple \| isbn = 0-471-93623-5}}</ref>		Electorate Officer Julian Wiltse from Schomberg, has hobbies for instance discover to play poker, Dungeon Hunter 4 Hack and autographs. Last month very recently traveled to Island of Saint-Louis.<br><br>Here is my weblog :: [http://gamestronic.blogspot.com/2014/10/dungeon-hunter-4-hack-tool-cheats.html Dungeon Hunter 4 Cheats]

	~~== Synthesis ==~~
	~~Zinc-copper couple has been prepared by numerous methods, which vary mainly with respect to the source of copper, but also by the ratio of copper~~ to ~~zinc, the physical state of the zinc (e.g. powder or granules), the use of protic acids and other additives~~, and ~~temperature of the preparation~~. ~~Most often the couple is generated and isolated prior~~ to ~~use, but routes have been described to storable forms of the alloy. Most methods involve reduction of an oxidized copper species with zinc, which is used in excess.~~

	~~An early method for the synthesis~~ of ~~zinc~~-copper couple entailed treatment of a mixture of zinc dust and [[copper(II) oxide]] with [[hydrogen]] gas at 500 °C.<ref name=Simmons/> A more convenient and cheaper method proceeds by treatment of zinc powder with [[hydrochloric acid]] and [[copper(II) sulfate]].<~~ref~~>~~{{OrgSynth\| title = Norcarane \| author = Howard H. Simmons, Ronald D. Smith \| year = 1973 \| collvol = 5 \| collvolpages = 855 \| prep = cv5p0855}}~~<~~/ref~~> ~~Treatment of zinc powder with [[copper(II) acetate monohydrate]] in hot [[acetic acid]]~~ is ~~reportedly highly reproducible.<ref>{{cite journal \| title = Cyclopropanes from an Easily Prepared, Highly Active Zinc-Copper Couple, Dibromomethane, and Olefins \| author = Eugene LeGoff \| journal =~~ [~~[J. Org. Chem.]] \| year = 1964 \| volume = 29 \| pages = 2048 \| doi = 10.1021~~/~~jo01030a529 \| issue = 7}}<~~/ref> The couple may also be generated in situ by reaction of one equivalent of zinc dust with one equivalent of [[copper(I) chloride]] (or copper powder) in refluxing [[ether]].<ref>{{cite journal \| title = A Convenient Procedure for the Methylenation of Olefins to Cyclopropanes \| author = Robert J. Rawson, Ian T. Harrison \| journal = [[J. Org. Chem.~~]] \| year = 1970 \| volume = 35 \| issue = 6 \| pages = 2057–2058 \| doi = 10~~.~~1021~~/~~jo00831a091}}<~~/~~ref>~~

	~~The choice of method is dictated primarily by the application. The development of newer methods was motivated by the need for zinc-copper couple with reproducible behavior.~~

	~~==Application==~~
	Zinc-copper couple has found widespread use in organic synthesis, especially in the Simmons–Smith cyclopropanation of alkenes. In this process, the couple (typically a slurry in an ethereal solvent) reacts with [[methylene iodide]] to generate iodomethylzinc iodide, which is the intermediate responsible for cyclopropanation.

	~~<math>\mathrm{Zn_n(Cu) + CH_2I_2 \longrightarrow IZnCH_2I + Zn_{n-1}(Cu)}<~~/~~math>~~

	~~[[File:Cyclopropanation of Alkene.gif]]~~

	The couple has also been employed to generate alkyl zinc reagents for [[conjugate addition]], as a dehalogenating reagent, as a promoter of reductive coupling of [[carbonyl compounds]], and to [[redox\|reduce]] electron-~~deficient [[alkenes]] and [[alkynes]]. [[Sonication]] has been employed to enhance the rate of the zinc~~-~~copper couple~~-~~mediated [[cycloaddition]] of α,α’~~-dibromo [[ketones]] to [[1,3-dienes]].<ref>{{cite journal \| title = Ultrasonics in the Metal Promoted Cycloaddition of α,α’-dibromo ketones to 1,3-dienes \| author = Navalkishore N. Joshi, H. Martin R. Hoffmann \| journal = [[Tett. Lett.]] \| year = 1986 \| volume = 27 \| issue = 6 \| pages = 687–690 \| doi = 10.1016/S0040-~~4039(00)84073-3}}</ref>~~

	~~[[File:Cycloaddition with Dibromoketone~~.~~gif]]~~

	~~==References==~~
	~~{{Reflist}}~~

	~~[[Category:Zinc alloys]]~~
	~~[[Category:Reducing agents]~~]

en>MaxHund: /* See also */ added link to SIPOC

2013-11-25T22:46:42Z

See also: added link to SIPOC

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:46, 26 November 2013
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~CMS provides the best platform to create websites~~ that ~~fulfill all the specifications of SEO~~. The ~~next step is to visit your Word - Press blog dashboard. These templates are professionally designed and are also Adsense ready. If you are using videos on your site then this is~~ the ~~plugin to use. After activating, you will find their website link~~ and ~~get~~ the ~~activation code from their website~~. <br><br>~~Luckily, for Word~~ - ~~Press users~~, ~~WP Touch plugin transforms your site into~~ an ~~IPhone style theme~~. ~~If you wish~~ to ~~sell your services or products via internet using your website, you have~~ to ~~put together on~~ the ~~website~~ the ~~facility for trouble-free payment transfer between customers and~~ the ~~company~~. ~~You are able to set them within your theme options and so they aid~~ the ~~search engine to get a suitable~~ title ~~and description~~ for the ~~pages that get indexed~~ by ~~Google. This is identical~~ to ~~doing a research as in depth above~~, ~~nevertheless you can see various statistical details like~~ the ~~number~~ of ~~downloads and when~~ the ~~template was not long ago updated~~. ~~Once you've installed~~ the ~~program you can quickly begin by adding content~~ and ~~editing it with features such as bullet pointing~~, ~~text alignment~~ and ~~effects without having to do all~~ the ~~coding yourself~~. ~~<br><br>ve labored so hard~~ to ~~publish and put up on their website. When a business benefits from its own domain name and a tailor-made blog~~, the ~~odds~~ of ~~ranking higher~~ in the ~~search engines and being visible to~~ a ~~greater number~~ of ~~people is~~ more ~~likely~~. ~~After age 35~~, ~~18%~~ of ~~pregnancies will end~~ in ~~miscarriage. Nonetheless, with stylish Facebook themes obtainable on the Globe Broad Internet, half of your enterprise~~ is ~~done previously~~. ~~Purchase these~~ from ~~our site~~, ~~or bring your own~~, ~~it doesn't matter~~, ~~we will still give you free installation~~ and ~~configuration~~. <br><br>In the ~~event you loved this article and you would love to receive details with regards~~ to [~~http://www~~.~~nt-protect~~.~~host~~.sk/~~?wordpress_backup_600592 backup plugin] please visit our own site~~. The ~~next thing I did after installing Wordpress~~ was ~~to find myself a free good~~-~~looking Wordpress~~-~~theme offering~~ the ~~functionality I was after~~. ~~Find more information about Design To Wordpress here. To do~~ this, ~~you should link your posts~~ to ~~other relevant posts that you've created. So~~, ~~we have to add our social media sharing buttons in website. If your site does well you can get paid professional designer to create a unique Word - Press theme~~. <br><br>~~As a open source platform Wordpress offers distinctive ready~~ to ~~use themes~~ for ~~free along with custom theme support and easy customization. As~~ a ~~website owner~~, ~~you can easily manage CMS-based website in~~ a ~~pretty easy~~ and ~~convenient style. Offshore Wordpress development services from a legitimate source caters dedicated~~ and ~~professional services assistance with very simplified yet technically effective development and designing techniques from experienced professional Wordpress developer India~~. ~~In addition~~, ~~Word~~ - ~~Press design integration is also possible~~. ~~As with a terminology~~, ~~there are many methods~~ to ~~understand how to use the terminology~~.		'''Zinc-copper couple''' is an [[alloy]] of [[zinc]] and [[copper]] that is employed as a reagent in [[organic synthesis]]. The “couple” was popularized after the report by Simmons and Smith in 1959 of its application as an activated source of zinc required for formation of an [[Organozinc compound\|organozinc reagent]] in the [[Simmons–Smith reaction\|Simmons–Smith cyclopropanation]] of [[alkene]]s.<ref name=Simmons>{{cite journal \| title = A New Synthesis of Cyclopropanes \| author = Howard H. Simmons, Ronald D. Smith \| journal = [[J. Am. Chem. Soc.]] \| year = 1959 \| volume = 81 \| issue = 16 \| pages = 4256–4264 \| doi = 10.1021/ja01525a036}}</ref> The couple has been widely applied as a reagent in other reactions requiring activated zinc metal. Zinc-copper couple does not refer to a rigorously defined chemical structure or alloy composition. The couple may contain varying proportions of copper and zinc; the zinc content is typically greater than 90%, although an alloy containing similar proportions of zinc and copper is used in some cases. The couple is frequently prepared as a darkly-colored powder and is slurried in an ethereal solvent prior to being used in slight excess relative to the substrate. Activation of zinc by copper is essential to the couple’s utility, but the origin of this effect is poorly documented. It is speculated that copper enhances reactivity of zinc at the surface of the alloy.<ref>{{cite journal \| title = Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis \| author = Scott D. Rychnovsky, Jay P. Powers \| journal = [[Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis]] \| year = 2001 \| doi = 10.1002/047084289X.rz011 \| chapter = Zinc/Copper Couple \| isbn = 0-471-93623-5}}</ref>

			== Synthesis ==
			Zinc-copper couple has been prepared by numerous methods, which vary mainly with respect to the source of copper, but also by the ratio of copper to zinc, the physical state of the zinc (e.g. powder or granules), the use of protic acids and other additives, and temperature of the preparation. Most often the couple is generated and isolated prior to use, but routes have been described to storable forms of the alloy. Most methods involve reduction of an oxidized copper species with zinc, which is used in excess.

			An early method for the synthesis of zinc-copper couple entailed treatment of a mixture of zinc dust and [[copper(II) oxide]] with [[hydrogen]] gas at 500 °C.<ref name=Simmons/> A more convenient and cheaper method proceeds by treatment of zinc powder with [[hydrochloric acid]] and [[copper(II) sulfate]].<ref>{{OrgSynth\| title = Norcarane \| author = Howard H. Simmons, Ronald D. Smith \| year = 1973 \| collvol = 5 \| collvolpages = 855 \| prep = cv5p0855}}</ref> Treatment of zinc powder with [[copper(II) acetate monohydrate]] in hot [[acetic acid]] is reportedly highly reproducible.<ref>{{cite journal \| title = Cyclopropanes from an Easily Prepared, Highly Active Zinc-Copper Couple, Dibromomethane, and Olefins \| author = Eugene LeGoff \| journal = [[J. Org. Chem.]] \| year = 1964 \| volume = 29 \| pages = 2048 \| doi = 10.1021/jo01030a529 \| issue = 7}}</ref> The couple may also be generated in situ by reaction of one equivalent of zinc dust with one equivalent of [[copper(I) chloride]] (or copper powder) in refluxing [[ether]].<ref>{{cite journal \| title = A Convenient Procedure for the Methylenation of Olefins to Cyclopropanes \| author = Robert J. Rawson, Ian T. Harrison \| journal = [[J. Org. Chem.]] \| year = 1970 \| volume = 35 \| issue = 6 \| pages = 2057–2058 \| doi = 10.1021/jo00831a091}}</ref>

			The choice of method is dictated primarily by the application. The development of newer methods was motivated by the need for zinc-copper couple with reproducible behavior.

			==Application==
			Zinc-copper couple has found widespread use in organic synthesis, especially in the Simmons–Smith cyclopropanation of alkenes. In this process, the couple (typically a slurry in an ethereal solvent) reacts with [[methylene iodide]] to generate iodomethylzinc iodide, which is the intermediate responsible for cyclopropanation.

			<math>\mathrm{Zn_n(Cu) + CH_2I_2 \longrightarrow IZnCH_2I + Zn_{n-1}(Cu)}</math>

			[[File:Cyclopropanation of Alkene.gif]]

			The couple has also been employed to generate alkyl zinc reagents for [[conjugate addition]], as a dehalogenating reagent, as a promoter of reductive coupling of [[carbonyl compounds]], and to [[redox\|reduce]] electron-deficient [[alkenes]] and [[alkynes]]. [[Sonication]] has been employed to enhance the rate of the zinc-copper couple-mediated [[cycloaddition]] of α,α’-dibromo [[ketones]] to [[1,3-dienes]].<ref>{{cite journal \| title = Ultrasonics in the Metal Promoted Cycloaddition of α,α’-dibromo ketones to 1,3-dienes \| author = Navalkishore N. Joshi, H. Martin R. Hoffmann \| journal = [[Tett. Lett.]] \| year = 1986 \| volume = 27 \| issue = 6 \| pages = 687–690 \| doi = 10.1016/S0040-4039(00)84073-3}}</ref>

			[[File:Cycloaddition with Dibromoketone.gif]]

			==References==
			{{Reflist}}

			[[Category:Zinc alloys]]
			[[Category:Reducing agents]]

en>Pnm: removed Category:Software systems; added Category:Software using HotCat

2012-01-14T06:00:23Z

removed Category:Software systems; added Category:Software using HotCat

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