Baker's technique - Revision history

192.91.235.100 at 18:35, 9 April 2014

2014-04-09T18:35:20Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:35, 9 April 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~The '''alveolar air equation'''~~ is the method for calculating partial pressure of alveolar gas (P<sub>A</sub>O<sub>2</sub>). The equation is used in assessing if the lungs are properly transferring oxygen into the blood. The alveolar air equation is not widely used in clinical medicine, probably because of the complicated appearance of its classic forms.		My name is Gilbert and I am studying Educational Policy Studies and English Literature at White Rock / Australia.<br><br>Also visit my web blog :: [http://www.pcs-systems.co.uk/Images/celinebag.aspx Cheap Celine Bags]

	~~== Interpretation ==~~
	~~To clinically interpret P<sub>a</sub>O<sub>2</sub> one has to also know the patient's P<sub>a</sub>CO<sub>2</sub>, F<sub>IO2</sub> ([[fraction of inspired oxygen]])~~ and ~~the P<sub>B</sub> ([[barometric pressure]]), all components of the equation for P<sub>A</sub>O<sub>2</sub>.~~

	~~==Equations==~~
	~~Several possible equations exist to calculate the alveolar air.<ref>Raymond L, Dolan W, Dutton R, et al: Pulmonary function~~ and ~~gas exchange during altitude hypoxia (abstract).~~
	~~Clin Res 19:147, 1971</ref><ref>Spaur WH, Raymond LW, Knott MM, et al: Dyspnea in divers~~ at ~~49.5 ATA: Mechanical not chemical in origin. [[Undersea Biomed Res]] 4:183-198, 1977<~~/~~ref><ref>Rossier P-H, Blickenstorfer E: Espace mort et hyperventilation. [[Helv Med Acta]] 13:328-332, 1946</ref><ref>Riley RL, Lilienthal JL Jr, Proemmel DD, et al: On the~~
	~~determination of the physiologically effective pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in alveolar air~~. ~~[[Am J Physiol]] 147:191-198, 1946~~<~~/ref~~><~~ref~~>~~McNicol MW, Campbell EJM~~: ~~Severity of respiratory failure~~: ~~arterial blood gases in untreated patients.~~ [~~[The Lancet\|Lancet]] 1~~:~~336-338, 1965<~~/ref><ref>Begin R, Renzetti AD Jr: Alveolar-arterial oxygen pressure gradient: I. Comparison between an assumed and actual respiratory quotient in stable chronic pulmonary disease; Relationship to aging and closing volume in normal subjects. [[Respir Care]] 22:491-500, 1977</~~ref><ref>Suwa K, Geffin B, Pontoppidan H, et al: A nomogram for~~
	~~deadspace requirement during prolonged artificial ventilation~~.
	~~[[Anesthesiology]] 29:1206~~-~~1210, 1968</ref>~~

	~~:<math> P_A O_2 = F_I O_2(PB-P H_2 0) - P_A CO_2 (F_I O_2 + \frac{1-FIO2}{R})</math>~~
	~~----~~
	~~:<math> P_A O_2 = P_I O_2 - P_A CO_2 (F_I O_2 + \frac{1-F_I O_2}{R})</math>~~
	~~----~~
	~~:<math> P_A O_2 = P_I O_2 - \frac{V_T}{V_T-V_D}(P_I O_2 - P_E O_2)</math>~~
	~~----~~
	~~:<math> P_A O_2 = \frac{P_E O_2 - P_I O_2 (\frac{V_D}{V_T})}{1- \frac{V_D}{V_T}}</math>~~

	~~=== Abbreviated alveolar air equation ===~~
	~~::<math>P_A O_2 = \frac{P_E O_2 - P_i O_2 \frac{V_D}{V_T}}{1- \frac{V_D}{V_T}}</math>~~
	P<sub>A</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, P<sub>E</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, and P<sub>i</sub>O<sub>2</sub> are the partial pressures of oxygen in alveolar, expired, and inspired gas, respectively, and VD/VT is the ratio of physiologic dead space over tidal volume.~~<ref>Fenn WO, Rahn H, Otis AB: A theoretical study of the composition of alveolar air at altitude~~. ~~[[Am J Physiol]] 146:637-653, 1946<~~/~~ref>~~

	~~=== Respiratory quotient (R) ===~~
	~~:<math>R = \frac{P_E CO_2 (1-F_I O_2)}{P_i O_2 - P_E O_2 - (P_E CO_2 * F_i O_2)}<~~/~~math>~~

	~~=== Physiologic dead space over tidal volume (VD/VT) ===~~
	~~:<math>\frac{V_D}{V_T} = \frac{P_A CO_2 - P_E CO_2}{P_A CO_2}</math>~~

	~~{{Mechanical ventilation}}~~

	~~==References==~~
	~~<references/>~~

	~~[[Category:Respiratory therapy]]~~
	~~[[Category:Pulmonology]]~~
	~~[[Category:Mechanical ventilation]]~~
	~~[[Category:Mathematics in medicine]~~]

en>Bg9989: added Category:Approximation algorithms using HotCat (I believe it is one)

2013-03-03T22:09:58Z

added Category:Approximation algorithms using HotCat (I believe it is one)

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:09, 4 March 2013
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~Moving on, another thing you~~ in ~~order to trying test~~ is ~~help your cardio training much more intense~~. ~~Associated with performing slow, boring cardio for thirty~~ to ~~forty-five minutes, kick~~ the ~~intensity up~~ a ~~notch and do interval training workout.~~<br><br>~~Do cardio exercises. While abdominal exercises strengthen your muscles~~, ~~you need to plenty~~ of ~~cardio exercise to obliterate~~ the ~~surrounding fat. Your weight-loss system should include at least 30 minutes of cardio exercise each day~~ of the ~~[http:~~//~~otpbooks~~.~~com/url/?PrimaCleanse170008 Prima Cleanse Review] week. Do more are usually want~~ to ~~reduce weight more quickly~~. ~~You will go for a brisk walk~~, ~~dance or work to be able to a reception~~. ~~Any of each of the ingredients easy~~, ~~fun ways burn off fat.~~<br><br>~~Exercise~~. ~~Absolutely imperative! Arrange to 30 minutes a day doing mild aerobic exercise like cycling or a brisk trek~~. [~~http~~:/~~/cos~~.~~knu.ac.kr~~/~~xe/?document_srl=447449 Prima Cleanse Reviews] Trust me~~, ~~I just how to difficult is actually very to put those sneakers on regarding morning~~, ~~in particular when it's cold outside. Having said that i also recognise once find your heart~~ and ~~breathing up along with the endorphins start to kick~~ in ~~you'll think itrrrs great~~. ~~I also understand that if do not have to exercise you have no possibility~~ of ~~significantly lowering your pressure~~.<br><br>~~The point is~~, ~~you such~~ an ~~excellent of exercises out there~~ and ~~lots of methods that of accomplishing them~~. ~~Cherry~~-~~decide one or 2 can love and feel right and find going~~.<br><br>~~However,~~ ~~[http~~://~~allesy.hol.es~~/~~Wikkawiki~~/~~ClaudevcPonderxn Prima Cleanse] to someone who only eats three bigger meals a day~~, ~~this seems like a challenging task. From work to kids to social lives, eating 5 times a day can be tricky. Action why might be so important to prepare for success!~~<br><br>~~Here's issue. I write a handful of articles on Weight Loss and employ. Before and after them I usually do~~ 2 ~~specific in order to help me stay fit, lean~~, and ~~healthy.~~<br><br>So, ~~exactly what happens: You think you're ordering a product to seek~~ and ~~examine if you like it for several bucks. In reality~~, ~~you're paying an extensive shipping~~ and ~~handling fee~~, ~~plus~~, ~~an amazing monthly fee for one bottle~~ of ~~diet pills you may not even use~~.		The '''alveolar air equation''' is the method for calculating partial pressure of alveolar gas (P<sub>A</sub>O<sub>2</sub>). The equation is used in assessing if the lungs are properly transferring oxygen into the blood. The alveolar air equation is not widely used in clinical medicine, probably because of the complicated appearance of its classic forms.

			== Interpretation ==
			To clinically interpret P<sub>a</sub>O<sub>2</sub> one has to also know the patient's P<sub>a</sub>CO<sub>2</sub>, F<sub>IO2</sub> ([[fraction of inspired oxygen]]) and the P<sub>B</sub> ([[barometric pressure]]), all components of the equation for P<sub>A</sub>O<sub>2</sub>.

			==Equations==
			Several possible equations exist to calculate the alveolar air.<ref>Raymond L, Dolan W, Dutton R, et al: Pulmonary function and gas exchange during altitude hypoxia (abstract).
			Clin Res 19:147, 1971</ref><ref>Spaur WH, Raymond LW, Knott MM, et al: Dyspnea in divers at 49.5 ATA: Mechanical not chemical in origin. [[Undersea Biomed Res]] 4:183-198, 1977</ref><ref>Rossier P-H, Blickenstorfer E: Espace mort et hyperventilation. [[Helv Med Acta]] 13:328-332, 1946</ref><ref>Riley RL, Lilienthal JL Jr, Proemmel DD, et al: On the
			determination of the physiologically effective pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in alveolar air. [[Am J Physiol]] 147:191-198, 1946</ref><ref>McNicol MW, Campbell EJM: Severity of respiratory failure: arterial blood gases in untreated patients. [[The Lancet\|Lancet]] 1:336-338, 1965</ref><ref>Begin R, Renzetti AD Jr: Alveolar-arterial oxygen pressure gradient: I. Comparison between an assumed and actual respiratory quotient in stable chronic pulmonary disease; Relationship to aging and closing volume in normal subjects. [[Respir Care]] 22:491-500, 1977</ref><ref>Suwa K, Geffin B, Pontoppidan H, et al: A nomogram for
			deadspace requirement during prolonged artificial ventilation.
			[[Anesthesiology]] 29:1206-1210, 1968</ref>

			:<math> P_A O_2 = F_I O_2(PB-P H_2 0) - P_A CO_2 (F_I O_2 + \frac{1-FIO2}{R})</math>
			----
			:<math> P_A O_2 = P_I O_2 - P_A CO_2 (F_I O_2 + \frac{1-F_I O_2}{R})</math>
			----
			:<math> P_A O_2 = P_I O_2 - \frac{V_T}{V_T-V_D}(P_I O_2 - P_E O_2)</math>
			----
			:<math> P_A O_2 = \frac{P_E O_2 - P_I O_2 (\frac{V_D}{V_T})}{1- \frac{V_D}{V_T}}</math>

			=== Abbreviated alveolar air equation ===
			::<math>P_A O_2 = \frac{P_E O_2 - P_i O_2 \frac{V_D}{V_T}}{1- \frac{V_D}{V_T}}</math>
			P<sub>A</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, P<sub>E</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, and P<sub>i</sub>O<sub>2</sub> are the partial pressures of oxygen in alveolar, expired, and inspired gas, respectively, and VD/VT is the ratio of physiologic dead space over tidal volume.<ref>Fenn WO, Rahn H, Otis AB: A theoretical study of the composition of alveolar air at altitude. [[Am J Physiol]] 146:637-653, 1946</ref>

			=== Respiratory quotient (R) ===
			:<math>R = \frac{P_E CO_2 (1-F_I O_2)}{P_i O_2 - P_E O_2 - (P_E CO_2 * F_i O_2)}</math>

			=== Physiologic dead space over tidal volume (VD/VT) ===
			:<math>\frac{V_D}{V_T} = \frac{P_A CO_2 - P_E CO_2}{P_A CO_2}</math>

			{{Mechanical ventilation}}

			==References==
			<references/>

			[[Category:Respiratory therapy]]
			[[Category:Pulmonology]]
			[[Category:Mechanical ventilation]]
			[[Category:Mathematics in medicine]]

en>Rjwilmsi: | doi=10.1007/s004530010020 | arxiv = math/9907126v1

2012-06-15T10:06:43Z

| doi=10.1007/s004530010020 | arxiv = math/9907126v1

New page

Moving on, another thing you in order to trying test is help your cardio training much more intense. Associated with performing slow, boring cardio for thirty to forty-five minutes, kick the intensity up a notch and do interval training workout. Do cardio exercises. While abdominal exercises strengthen your muscles, you need to plenty of cardio exercise to obliterate the surrounding fat. Your weight-loss system should include at least 30 minutes of cardio exercise each day of the [http://otpbooks.com/url/?PrimaCleanse170008 Prima Cleanse Review] week. Do more are usually want to reduce weight more quickly. You will go for a brisk walk, dance or work to be able to a reception. Any of each of the ingredients easy, fun ways burn off fat. Exercise. Absolutely imperative! Arrange to 30 minutes a day doing mild aerobic exercise like cycling or a brisk trek. [http://cos.knu.ac.kr/xe/?document_srl=447449 Prima Cleanse Reviews] Trust me, I just how to difficult is actually very to put those sneakers on regarding morning, in particular when it's cold outside. Having said that i also recognise once find your heart and breathing up along with the endorphins start to kick in you'll think itrrrs great. I also understand that if do not have to exercise you have no possibility of significantly lowering your pressure. The point is, you such an excellent of exercises out there and lots of methods that of accomplishing them. Cherry-decide one or 2 can love and feel right and find going. However, [http://allesy.hol.es/Wikkawiki/ClaudevcPonderxn Prima Cleanse] to someone who only eats three bigger meals a day, this seems like a challenging task. From work to kids to social lives, eating 5 times a day can be tricky. Action why might be so important to prepare for success! Here's issue. I write a handful of articles on Weight Loss and employ. Before and after them I usually do 2 specific in order to help me stay fit, lean, and healthy. So, exactly what happens: You think you're ordering a product to seek and examine if you like it for several bucks. In reality, you're paying an extensive shipping and handling fee, plus, an amazing monthly fee for one bottle of diet pills you may not even use.