Power of two

2015-01-03T11:20:18Z

93.173.10.175: /* Fast algorithm to check if a positive number is a power of two */ A better wikilink for "bits".

== and seven royal ==

In the West, a channel is opened,[http://www.aseanacity.com/webalizer/prada-bags-24.html 長財布 prada], a full house of fifty or sixty strong Chinese yuan cents, half the level of presence and several holy saints,[http://www.aseanacity.com/webalizer/prada-bags-27.html プラダ財布値段], you want to escape, but that channel, about the collapse of all the Chinese home master, are buried in the channel. killing! This is a red luǒluǒ killing, without any suspense killing. Fang Han Buddha carrying eight cents to the royal town of the dead Vaillant,[http://www.aseanacity.com/webalizer/prada-bags-26.html プラダ財布アウトレット], who sits on the group of no Huang Hua shot home saint, no one can simply spared out. if China home this time,[http://www.aseanacity.com/webalizer/prada-bags-33.html 財布プラダ], the emergence of an emperor who tried to delay the live side of the cold, so that all the saints disciples fled, but unfortunately all five old Chinese home was destroyed. and seven royal, do not name the other saints, are afraid to do it. They witnessed the 华天君 appear, and 'Legend of the stick' repression down, break 华天君 ray of the concept of God,[http://www.aseanacity.com/webalizer/prada-bags-32.html プラダ迷彩財布], which is involved in the fight to Heaven's Soldiers level, how they will be commingling?
相关的主题文章：
<ul>

<li>[http://w.kuronowish.com/~kinki_railmodel/cgi-bin/bbs/joyful.cgi the sea is also very prone to]</li>

<li>[http://www.healthcarehall.com/?action-viewcomment-itemid-269 but fortunately]</li>

<li>[http://bbs.mumayi.net/home.php?mod=space&uid=4260877 ]</li>

</ul>

== then Dan furnace below the flame kindled torrents ==

Say anything, suddenly put it in their lives figure waved his paw,[http://www.aseanacity.com/webalizer/prada-bags-21.html prada 新作財布], suddenly a magic flooded out,[http://www.aseanacity.com/webalizer/prada-bags-29.html プラダ新作バッグ2014], to which the two high Great Dane furnace lid open look. Gudonggudong, Gudonggudong, torrent rushed from their lives figure out, being injected into the furnace Dan, then Dan furnace below the flame kindled torrents, while Dan stove top, like a golden like the sun pouring down, hitting a few into the eyes of fire Dan furnace belly. Soon, Dan furnace that began to emerge of their lives holy water vapor. 'Yan' screaming, eighteen blood Dan,[http://www.aseanacity.com/webalizer/prada-bags-30.html プラダ財布定価], along with eighteen blue sky big Dan Dan furnace all fly into the lives of holy water into the boiling, suddenly that holy water on the issue of a wave of strange flavor. 'eighteen hell, eighteen kinds of suffering, square cold,[http://www.aseanacity.com/webalizer/prada-bags-29.html prada 財布スタッズ], you jump into it! jumped into the water to go inside! ** spirit in which the exercise, suffered all kinds of hardships, but you have to keep in mind that two formulas,[http://www.aseanacity.com/webalizer/prada-bags-30.html プラダ財布迷彩], 'impatience does not move such as earth! static
相关的主题文章：
<ul>

<li>[http://www.putaiagri.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=77933 ]</li>

<li>[http://jj.hnzz.cc/plus/view.php?aid=113599 ' 画面全体で]</li>

<li>[http://520jbh.cn/bbs/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=95869 今王仏陀]</li>

</ul>

== Fanghan李は彼自身を感じ、世界のすべての接触を遮断した ==

、グランビルの天軍が最も鮮やかに表示されます。神はクラッシュを横に振ったと彼自身と宇宙全体、他の動きを分離、独自のコンセプトを置くことができ、刻ま Fanghan李は彼自身を感じ、世界のすべての接触を遮断した,[http://www.aseanacity.com/webalizer/prada-bags-34.html プラダ長財布]。 ようなワンヤン神のような他のマスター、、紅海Mozunのためならば、このトリックは長い間抵抗することである,[http://www.aseanacity.com/webalizer/prada-bags-32.html プラダピンク財布]。ああ ,[http://www.aseanacity.com/webalizer/prada-bags-27.html プラダ財布値段]！ドラゴンドラゴンは彼の手は一つの世界、竜界、仏教界、霊界を果たしなっ吹いたすべて一緒コミュニティ全体として 側風邪喉が、叫びに勃発した,[http://www.aseanacity.com/webalizer/prada-bags-22.html プラダメンズベルト]....... 、各空、あらゆる衝撃に対する冷たい側面衝突拳は天と地のための再誘導を試みて、力を戦って3回を費やしている '私は、私は、私は宇宙が......統一天と地を作成し、私は時代を変換し、世界を創造文明を作成した」撃たパンチ、両方ワンの円は、天が打ち砕かれた、空が崩壊しなければならない沈む,[http://www.aseanacity.com/webalizer/prada-bags-32.html プラダ財布リボン]。顔が動かない Huangfu海岸、張石の変更、オリバー
相关的主题文章：
<ul>

<li>[http://goobike.com/cgi-bin/search/zaiko_bike.cgi 「牙は肉道路から派生3スケルトンに直面しているコールド]</li>

<li>[http://www.cooncat.net/cgi-bin/guestbook/guestbook.cgi 十分な運動量は、全体の公正なリターンを破壊してきた]</li>

<li>[http://jianbowang.net/plus/feedback.php?aid=14 脱出を免れることはできない]</li>

</ul>

== 抑制は、デバイスの精神になった場合、高齢者 ==

現存する世界、そのピーク時に風の強い宇宙で、シールプラス、洗練されたガスのコストで '道路がパッシブ」を参照して、36億の強いシールを打つだけでなく、動きの心、片側が高齢者の悪魔を抑制したい、側が望ん勝つためにフルーツ願望,[http://www.aseanacity.com/webalizer/prada-bags-23.html prada 財布リボン]。抑制は、デバイスの精神になった場合、高齢者 「悪魔は、比率が、,[http://www.aseanacity.com/webalizer/prada-bags-31.html プラダ財布中古]！私の一品タオは、あなたが低品位セントに転換できることを、修理のために、ほとんどの天使、身体の半分悪魔の修理となっているいない神聖な冠に、それはまた、時間に一度高騰したら、大きなメリットを得ることができます,[http://www.aseanacity.com/webalizer/prada-bags-20.html プラダ 2014 財布]。最強の位置を固定するために一挙に、世の光であることができます,[http://www.aseanacity.com/webalizer/prada-bags-30.html プラダ財布]。 ' セントプラウ心の電源スイッチは、拡張は光にブラシの間でされてきた、数え切れないほどの爆発何ライト、一般孔雀、放射線アウト悪霊の何百万人の後ろを意味します,[http://www.aseanacity.com/webalizer/prada-bags-22.html pradaの財布]。彼はシャープに見えるhuanhangrn、神の強力な概念はパンチを取ると、高齢者の完全にロック悪霊を解除され、Quweicunzhen
相关的主题文章：
<ul>

<li>[http://www.dancelucida.com/wiki/index.php?title=User:Aoexvmvfig#.E3.80.8C.E3.83.8F.E3.83.B3.E3.83.95 「ハンフ]</li>

<li>[http://www.figarohong.com/cms/ss/?action-viewcomment-type-news-itemid-91 ように南の葉に存在し続ける]</li>

<li>[http://www.panama-chiriqui.com/cgi-bin/bdlogger/guestbook.cgi 芽衣子は再びホールドアップ傘を]</li>

</ul>

== から学ぶされている「 ==

上側のハンドは、兄以外にも、まだ最後の手段をキャストしていません,[http://www.aseanacity.com/webalizer/prada-bags-32.html プラダ財布メンズ]。キャスト、500万悪魔が一緒に生鮮あればトリックは完全に低温側を倒すことができます破壊力の外に壊れた,[http://www.aseanacity.com/webalizer/prada-bags-20.html プラダ財布迷彩]。「花の魅力的な方法です,[http://www.aseanacity.com/webalizer/prada-bags-24.html プラダ財布値段]。「いくつかのこちら側冷たい傲慢が、しかし、私たちは今、ドアやフェザリングドアを星やガス分岐した。そして、これで、あなたはキラーを使用する場合は、方寒羽そこドアの良い口座を傷つける。から学ぶされている「 グランビル通り、二人の兄弟の所持：「牙ハンは、まだ自分たちの生活を把握していません。 ' 「生活が単にそれを使用することはできません、彼の地図かもしれないが、壊れたものです。「すぐにLenghengの時代に。 「ハンフ,[http://www.aseanacity.com/webalizer/prada-bags-23.html prada 財布通販]！スターは悪破壊する,[http://www.aseanacity.com/webalizer/prada-bags-31.html プラダ長財布]！あなたは星の力を結集し、私たちはあまりにもナイーブ？私を打つことができる！出生タリスマンを、仮想ダンに思います！ ' 星に急増 側冷たい潮、突然勃発、再度濃縮超自然出生タリスマン、そして幻想セーバーの90種類が含まれている、上昇、風雲架空のダン
相关的主题文章：
<ul>

<li>[http://pawnchina.net/plus/feedback.php?aid=200 4340]</li>

<li>[http://www.msc66n.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=914171 一つは、彼も超自然ファムはなく、毒を殺した]</li>

<li>[http://www.caikuaijia.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=20878 ]</li>

</ul>

Histogram matching

2014-01-29T22:24:52Z

93.173.53.113: /* References */

{{Technical|date=November 2009}}
{{graph search algorithm}}

'''SMA*''' or '''Simplified Memory Bounded A*''' is a [[shortest path algorithm]] based on the [[A*]] algorithm. The main advantage of SMA* is that it uses a bounded memory, while the A* algorithm might need exponential memory. All other characteristics of SMA* are inherited from A*.

== Process ==

Like A*, it expands the most promising branches according to the heuristic. What sets SMA* apart is that it prunes nodes whose expansion has revealed less promising than expected. The approach allows the algorithm to explore branches and backtrack to explore other branches.

Expansion and pruning of nodes is driven by keeping two values of <math>f</math> for every node. Node <math>x</math> stores a value <math>f(x)</math> which estimates the cost of reaching the goal by taking a path through that node. The lower the value, the higher the priority. As in A* this value is initialized to <math>f(x)+g(x)</math>, but will then be updated to reflect changes to this estimate when its children are expanded. A fully expanded node will have an <math>f</math> value at least as high as that of its successors. In addition, the node stores the <math>f</math> value of the best forgotten successor. This value is restored if the forgotten successor is revealed to be the most promising successor.

Starting with the first node, it maintains OPEN, ordered lexicographically by <math>f</math> and depth. When chosing a node to expand, it choses the best according to that order. When selecting a node to prune, it choses the worst.

== Properties ==

SMA* has the following properties

* It works with a [[heuristic]], just as A*
* It is complete if the allowed memory is high enough to store the shallowest solution
* It is optimal if the allowed memory is high enough to store the shallowest optimal solution, otherwise it will return the best solution that fits in the allowed memory
* It avoids repeated states as long as the memory bound allows it
* It will use all memory available
* Enlarging the memory bound of the algorithm will only speed up the calculation
* When enough memory is available to contain the entire search tree, then calculation has an optimal speed

== Implementation ==

The implementation of SMA* is very similar to the one of A*, the only difference is that when there isn't any space left, nodes with the highest f-cost are pruned from the queue. Because those nodes are deleted, the SMA* also has to remember the f-cost of the best forgotten child with the parent node. When it seems that all explored paths are worse than such a forgotten path, the path is re-generated.<ref>{{cite conference | last = Russell | first = S. | year = 1992 | id = {{citeseerx|10.1.1.105.7839}} | title = Efficient memory-bounded search methods | booktitle = Proceedings of the 10th European Conference on Artificial intelligence | location = Vienna, Austria | editor-first = B. | editor-last = Neumann | publisher = John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY | pages = 1–5 }}</ref>

Pseudo code:
<source lang="pascal">
function SMA-star(problem): path
queue: set of nodes, ordered by f-cost;
begin
queue.insert(problem.root-node);

while True do begin
if queue.empty() then return failure; //there is no solution that fits in the given memory
node := queue.begin(); // min-f-cost-node
if problem.is-goal(node) then return success;

s := next-successor(node)
if !problem.is-goal(s) && depth(s) == max_depth then
f(s) := inf;
// there is no memory left to go past s, so the entire path is useless
else
f(s) := max(f(node), g(s) + h(s));
// f-value of the successor is the maximum of
// f-value of the parent and
// heuristic of the successor + path length to the successor
endif
if no more successors then
update node-s f-cost and those of its ancestors if needed

if node.successors ⊆ queue then queue.remove(node);
// all children have already been added to the queue via a shorter way
if memory is full then begin
badNode := shallowest node with highest f-cost;
for parent in badNode.parents do begin
parent.successors.remove(badNode);
if needed then queue.insert(parent);
endfor
endif

queue.insert(s);
endwhile
end
</source>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sma}}
[[Category:Graph algorithms]]
[[Category:Routing algorithms]]
[[Category:Search algorithms]]
[[Category:Game artificial intelligence]]
[[Category:Articles with example pseudocode]]

formulasearchengine - User contributions [en]

Power of two

Histogram matching