Synchronization (alternating current)

2014-01-05T05:16:18Z

82.114.187.158: /* Process */

{{Infobox enzyme
| Name = Carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase (glutamine-hydrolysing)
| EC_number = 6.3.5.5
| CAS_number = 37233-48-0
| IUBMB_EC_number = 6/3/5/5
| GO_code =
| image =
| width =
| caption =
}}
{{protein
|Name=carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 2, aspartate transcarbamylase, and dihydroorotase
|caption=
|image=
|width=
|HGNCid=1424
|Symbol=CAD
|AltSymbols=
|EntrezGene=790
|OMIM=114010
|RefSeq=NM_004341
|UniProt=P27708
|PDB=
|ECnumber=
|Chromosome=2
|Arm=p
|Band=21
|LocusSupplementaryData=
}}
'''Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II''' ({{EC number|6.3.5.5}}) is an enzyme that catalyzes the reactions that produce [[carbamoyl phosphate]] in the [[cytosol]] (as opposed to type I, which functions in the [[mitochondria]]). It's systemic name is ''hydrogen-carbonate:L-glutamine amido-ligase (ADP-forming, carbamate-phosphorylating)''.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Evidence for an activated form of carbon dioxide in the reaction catalysed by Escherichia coli carbamyl phosphate synthetase |author = Anderson, P.M. and Meister, A. |journal = Biochemistry |year = 1965 |volume = 4 |pages = 2803–2809 |pmid = 5326356 |issue=12}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Purification and properties of a bacterial carbamyl phosphate synthetase |author = Kalman, S.M., Duffield, P.H. and Brzozowski, T. |journal = J. Biol. Chem. |year = 1966 |volume = 241 |pages = 1871–1877 |pmid = 5329589 |issue=8}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Glutamine-dependent carbamyl phosphate synthetase. Properties and distribution in normal and neoplastic rat tissues |author = Yip, M.C.M. and Knox, W.E. |journal = J. Biol. Chem. |year = 1970 |volume = 245 |pages = 2199–2204 |pmid = 5442268 |issue=9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Role of conserved residues within the carboxy phosphate domain of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase |author = Stapleton, M.A., Javid-Majd, F., Harmon, M.F., Hanks, B.A., Grahmann, J.L., Mullins, L.S. and Raushel, F.M. |journal = Biochemistry |year = 1996 |volume = 35 |pages = 14352–14361 |pmid = 8916922 |doi=10.1021/bi961183y}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase: a tunnel runs through it |author = Holden, H.M., Thoden, J.B. and Raushel, F.M. |journal = Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. |year = 1998 |volume = 8 |pages = 679–685 |pmid = 9914247 |issue=6}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase: a crooked path from substrates to products |author = Raushel, F.M., Thoden, J.B., Reinhart, G.D. and Holden, H.M. |journal = Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. |year = 1998 |volume = 2 |pages = 624–632 |pmid = 9818189 |issue=5}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = The amidotransferase family of enzymes: molecular machines for the production and delivery of ammonia |author = Raushel, F.M., Thoden, J.B. and Holden, H.M. |journal = Biochemistry |year = 1999 |volume = 38 |pages = 7891–7899 |pmid = 10387030 |doi=10.1021/bi990871p}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase. Creation of an escape route for ammonia |author = Thoden, J.B., Huang, X., Raushel, F.M. and Holden, H.M. |journal = J. Biol. Chem. |year = 2002 |volume = 277 |pages = 39722–39727 |pmid = 12130656 |doi=10.1074/jbc.M206915200 |issue=42}}</ref>

In [[pyrimidine]] biosynthesis, it catalyzes the following reaction:
: 2 ATP + L-[[glutamine]] + HCO3- + H2O <math>\rightleftharpoons</math> 2 ADP + [[phosphate]] + L-[[glutamate]] + [[carbamoyl phosphate]] (overall reaction)
: (1a) L-glutamine + H2O <math>\rightleftharpoons</math> L-glutamate + NH3
: (1b) 2 ATP + HCO3- + NH3 <math>\rightleftharpoons</math> 2 ADP + phosphate + carbamoyl phosphate

It is activated by [[Adenosine triphosphate|ATP]] and [[PRPP]] and it is inhibited by UMP ([[Uridine monophosphate]], the end product of the pyrimidine synthesis pathway).

Neither CPSI nor CPSII require [[biotin]] as a coenzyme, as seen with most carboxylation reactions.

It is one of the three enzyme functions coded by the [[CAD (gene)|CAD]] gene. It is classified under {{EC number|6.3.5.5}}.

== Nomenclature ==

Carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing) is also known as:
* hydrogen-carbonate:L-glutamine amido-ligase (ADP-forming, carbamate-phosphorylating)
* carbamyl phosphate synthetase (glutamine)
* glutamine-dependent carbamyl phosphate synthetase
* [[carbamoyl phosphate synthetase]]
* CPS
* carbon-dioxide:L-glutamine amido-ligase (ADP-forming, carbamate-phosphorylating)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{MeshName|Carbamoyl-Phosphate+Synthase+(Glutamine-Hydrolyzing)}}

{{enzyme-stub}}
{{Ligases}}
{{Nucleotide metabolism}}
{{Multienzyme complexes}}

[[Category:EC 6.3.5]]

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Synchronization (alternating current)