formulasearchengine - User contributions [en]

Einstein relation (kinetic theory)

2014-02-14T15:59:51Z

74.76.129.226: /* Semiconductor */

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Template:2014 ACC football standings

2014-02-06T03:35:00Z

74.76.57.171: Undid revision 594123529 by Joeykai (talk)

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This is where we took a step forward to explain you all the data that shall be useful for you to know the way to choose the perfect chrome steel cookware. The best chrome steel cookware set is manufactured from cheap to expensive and quality constructed pots and pans. You can see magnetic stainless-steel in the layer on the surface of some quality pieces of stainless-steel. This is to make it appropriate with induction stovetops, which involve the usage of a rapidly charging electromagnetic area to heat cookware. High-quality stainless steel, like All-Clad , uses three layers of metallic—the austenite layer of steel on the inside, ferrite steel on the skin, and a layer of aluminum sandwiched between the 2 for optimum warmth conductivity (metal alone does not conduct heat evenly). Lesser-quality stainless-steel is normally only one layer of austenitic chrome steel. Aesthetically talking, chrome steel is a clever alternative for those who favor to show or grasp pots or pans. The clear, crisp look of all stainless steel kitchenware can remodel a mishmash of cookware into a sophisticated décor statement. Stainless-steel kettles, such as the Cuisinart Tea Kettle will combine individual kitchenware into a cohesive and pleasant entity. Think about buying stainless-steel utensils as nicely. Already acquired a stunning chrome steel cookware assortment? The Cuisinart Chef’s Assortment stainless pot rack may be the finishing touch for a kitchen, releasing up area and making those pots and pans readily accessible. Get the chrome steel cookware of your culinary desires at Macy’s! Hard-anodized aluminum cookware is among the hottest forms of material, despite the fact that many individuals do not fairly understand the construction. Arduous-anodized aluminum is obvious aluminum that has been processed in a sequence of chemical baths charged with an electrical present. The result's a material that has the identical superior heat conductivity as aluminum but is non-reactive with acidic foods, equivalent to tomatoes, and twice as hard as stainless-steel. Two drawbacks to arduous-anodized cookware are that it's not dishwasher-protected and, as a result of it is not magnetic, it is not going to work with induction vary tops. The enamel over metal technique creates a bit that has the heat distribution of carbon metal and a non-reactive, low-stick surface. Such pots are a lot lighter than most other pots of similar measurement, are cheaper to make than stainless steel pots, and wouldn't have the rust and reactivity problems with cast iron or carbon steel. quotation wanted Enamel over metal is right for giant stockpots and for other giant pans used principally for water-primarily based cooking. Due to its gentle weight and easy cleanup, enamel over metal is also fashionable for cookware used while tenting. Should you loved this informative article and you want to receive details regarding [http://cookwarehq.drupalgardens.com/best-stainless-steel-cookware-top-reviews-2014 best stainless steel cookware] generously visit the web-site. Clad aluminium or copper edit Unique specialty cookware items served a la carte to go with any cookware set are constructed of a sturdy Stainless Metal with a brushed exterior end. Designed with an affect bonded, aluminum disk encapsulated base which distributes heat quickly and evenly to allow precise temperature control. Handles are riveted for durability and performance. The New Specialty Cookware is compatible for all vary sorts including induction. In addition to the multi use function, one other unique feature is backside to prime interior volume markings in each quarts and metric measurement; and every bit comes with a tempered glass lid, oven protected to 350°F. Whether or not you're a cooking enthusiasts, an expert chef or just cooking for your loved ones you understand the significance of having a completely stocked kitchen. Not solely do you need the precise elements, but you additionally want the right instruments to get the job performed. In any sort of basic cooking training lesson, you'll learn that stainless steel is your new greatest pal with regards to kitchen cookware. What additionally, you will be taught is that quality cooking gear does not normally come at a reduced worth. Because of this, it is important to take good care of your cookware! Listed here are some fundamentals for chrome steel care. To combat the uneven heating problem, most chrome steel pans are laminations of aluminum or copper on the underside to spread the heat around, and stainless steel inside the pan to offer a cooking surface that is impervious to whatever you might put inside. In my expertise, this chrome steel floor remains to be too sticky to fry on, and should you ever burn it you get a permanent trouble spot. But, sometimes a stainless-steel cooking surface is useful when you possibly can't use aluminum (see beneath) so I hold some round. Select one thing with a fairly thick aluminum layer on the bottom. Well, until you’re a metals knowledgeable and go inspect the manufacturing unit the place the steel is made to see whether or not their manufacturing course of creates a pure austenite without corrosive supplies shaped, you’re not going to know for certain whether or not or not the craftsmanship of your stainless is of the best quality. I believe your finest bet is to simply buy excessive-high quality stainless steel from the beginning, from a brand with a fame for good quality. But, I believe I have discovered a technique that you can determine if the stainless cookware you already have is probably reactive.

Ferromagnetic material properties

2013-11-07T20:30:03Z

74.76.214.59: /* Formulae */

In [[algebraic geometry]], a '''du Val singularity''', also called '''simple surface singularity''', '''Kleinian singularity''', or '''rational double point''', is an isolated singularity of a complex surface which is modeled on a double branched cover of the plane, with minimal resolution obtained by replacing the singular point with a tree of smooth rational curves, with intersection pattern dual to a Dynkin diagram of [[ADE classification|A-D-E singularity]] type. They are the [[canonical singularities]] (or, equivalently, rational Gorenstein singularities) in dimension 2. They were studied by {{harvs|txt|first=Patrick |last=du Val|authorlink=Patrick du Val|year1=1934a|year2=1934b|year3=1934c}} and [[Felix Klein]].

The du Val singularities also appear as quotients of '''C'''2 by a finite subgroup of [[SL2(C)|''SL''2('''C''')]]; equivalently, a finite subgroup of SU(2), which are known as [[binary polyhedral group]]s. The rings of [[invariant polynomial]]s of these finite group actions were computed by Klein, and are essentially the coordinate rings of the singularities; this is a classic result in [[invariant theory]].

== Classification ==
[[File:Simply Laced Dynkin Diagrams.svg|thumb|du Val singularies are classified by the [[simply laced Dynkin diagram]]s, a form of [[ADE classification]].]]
The possible du Val singularities are (up to analytic isomorphism):
*''A''''n'': <math>w^2+x^2+y^{n+1}=0</math>
*''D''''n'': <math> w^2+y(x^2+y^{n-2}) = 0 </math> (''n''≥4)
*''E''6: <math>w^2+x^3+y^4=0 </math>
*''E''7: <math> w^2+x(x^2+y^3)=0 </math>
*''E''8: <math> w^2+x^3+y^5=0. </math>

==See also==

*[[Brieskorn–Grothendieck resolution]]

==References==
*{{Citation | last1=Artin | first1=Michael | author1-link=Michael Artin | title=On isolated rational singularities of surfaces | jstor=2373050 | mr=0199191 | year=1966 | journal=[[American Journal of Mathematics]] | issn=0002-9327 | volume=88 | pages=129–136 | doi=10.2307/2373050 | issue=1}}
*{{Citation | last1=Barth | first1=Wolf P. | last2=Hulek | first2=Klaus | last3=Peters | first3=Chris A.M. | last4=Van de Ven | first4=Antonius | title=Compact Complex Surfaces | publisher= Springer-Verlag, Berlin | series=Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete. 3. Folge. | isbn=978-3-540-00832-3 | mr=2030225 | year=2004 | volume=4}}
*{{Citation | last1=Durfee | first1=Alan H. | title=Fifteen characterizations of rational double points and simple critical points | url=http://retro.seals.ch/digbib/view?rid=ensmat-001:1979:25::300 | mr=543555 | year=1979 | journal=L'Enseignement Mathématique. Revue Internationale. IIe Série | issn=0013-8584 | volume=25 | issue=1 | pages=131–163}}
*{{citation|first= Patrick|last= du Val|title=On isolated singularities of surfaces which do not affect the conditions of adjunction. I|journal= Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society|volume= 30 |year=1934a|pages= 453–459, |doi=10.1017/S030500410001269X|issue= 4}} [http://www.zentralblatt-math.org/zmath/en/advanced/?q=an:0010.17602 Zbl entry I]
*{{citation|first= Patrick|last= du Val|title=On isolated singularities of surfaces which do not affect the conditions of adjunction. II|journal= Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society|volume= 30 |year=1934b|pages= 460–465|doi=10.1017/S0305004100012706|issue= 4}} [http://www.zentralblatt-math.org/zmath/en/advanced/?q=an:0010.17603 II]
*{{citation|first= Patrick|last= du Val|title=On isolated singularities of surfaces which do not affect the conditions of adjunction. III|journal= Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society|volume= 30 |year=1934c|pages= 483–491|doi=10.1017/S030500410001272X|issue= 4}} [http://www.zentralblatt-math.org/zmath/en/advanced/?q=an:0010.17701 III]

==External links==
*{{citation|authorlink=M. Reid|first=M. |last=Reid|url=http://www.warwick.ac.uk/~masda/surf/more/DuVal.pdf |title=The du Val singularities ''A''''n'', ''D''''n'', ''E''6, ''E''7, ''E''8}}
*{{citation|title=Du Val Singularities|first= Igor|last= Burban|url=http://www.mi.uni-koeln.de/~burban/singul.pdf }}

{{lowercase}}

[[Category:Algebraic surfaces]]
[[Category:Singularity theory]]

Gauss sum

2013-09-13T00:09:13Z

74.76.187.109:

{{Refimprove|date=February 2011}}
{{Cosmology}}
The '''deceleration parameter ''<math>\! q</math>''''' in cosmology is a [[dimensionless]] measure of the '''cosmic acceleration''' of the expansion of space in a [[Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric|Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker universe]]. It is defined by:
:<math>q \ \stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\ -\frac{\ddot{a} a }{\dot{a}^2}</math>
where <math>\! a</math> is the [[Scale factor (cosmology)|scale factor of the universe]] and the dots indicate derivatives by [[proper time]]. The expansion of the universe is said to be "accelerating" if <math>\ddot{a}</math> is positive (recent measurements suggest it is), and in this case the deceleration parameter will be negative.<ref>{{cite book | last = Jones | first = Mark H. | coauthors = Robert J. Lambourne | title = An Introduction to Galaxies and Cosmology | publisher =Cambridge University Press | date= 2004 | page = [http://books.google.com/books?id=36K1PfetZegC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA244#v=onepage&q&f=false 244] | isbn = 978-0-521-83738-5 }}</ref> The minus sign and name "deceleration parameter" are historical; at the time of definition <math>\! q</math> was thought to be positive, now it is believed to be negative.

The [[Friedmann equations|Friedmann acceleration equation]] can be written as
:<math>3\frac{\ddot{a}}{a} =-4 \pi G (\rho+3p)=-4\pi G(1+3w)\rho, </math>
where <math>\! \rho</math> is the energy density of the universe, <math>\! p</math> is its pressure, and <math>\! w</math> is the [[Equation of state (cosmology)|equation of state]] of the universe.

This can be rewritten as
:<math>q=\frac{1}{2}(1+3w)\left(1+K/(aH)^2\right)</math>
by using the first Friedmann equation, where <math>\! H</math> is the [[Hubble parameter]] and <math>\! K=1,0</math> or <math>\! -1</math> depending on whether the universe is [[shape of the universe|hyperspherical]], [[shape of the universe|flat]] or [[shape of the universe|hyperbolic]] respectively.

The derivative of the [[Hubble parameter]] can be written in terms of the deceleration parameter:
:<math>\frac{\dot{H}}{H^2}=-(1+q).</math>
Except in the speculative case of [[phantom energy]] (which violates all the energy conditions), all postulated forms of matter yield a deceleration parameter <math>\! q \ge -1</math>. Thus, any ''expanding'' universe should have a decreasing Hubble parameter and the local expansion of space is always slowing (or, in the case of a cosmological constant, proceeds at a constant rate, as in [[de Sitter space]]).

Observations of the [[cosmic microwave background]] demonstrate that the universe is very nearly flat, so:
:<math>q=\frac{1}{2}(1+3w)</math>
This implies that the universe is decelerating for any cosmic fluid with equation of state <math>\! w</math> greater than <math>\! -1/3</math> (any fluid satisfying the [[strong energy condition]] does so, as does any form of matter present in the [[Standard Model]], but excluding inflation). However observations of distant [[type Ia supernova]]e indicate that <math>\! q</math> is negative; the expansion of the universe is accelerating. This is an indication that the gravitational attraction of matter, on the cosmological scale, is more than counteracted by negative pressure [[dark energy]], in the form of either [[Quintessence (physics)|quintessence]] or a positive [[cosmological constant]].

Before the first indications of an accelerating universe, in 1998, it was thought that the universe was dominated by dust with negligible equation of state, <math>\! w \approx 0</math>. This had suggested that the deceleration parameter was equal to one half; the experimental effort to confirm this prediction led to the discovery of possible acceleration...

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Physical cosmology]]

Dimensionless quantity

2012-08-11T04:24:04Z

74.76.38.119:

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Linear span

2012-07-17T21:15:17Z

74.76.131.56: fixed punctuation

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Convective available potential energy

2012-05-29T13:43:12Z

74.76.39.150:

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