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Lehmer's GCD algorithm

2013-04-09T03:19:22Z

67.240.246.215:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2013}}


This page provides supplementary chemical data on [[benzene]]. 

== Material Safety Data Sheet == 

The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet ([[Material safety data sheet|MSDS]]) for this chemical from a reliable source such as [http://www2.siri.org/msds/index.php SIRI], and follow its directions. MSDS for '''benzene''' available at [http://www2.siri.org/msds/mf/amoco/files/11697000.html AMOCO].

== Structure and properties == 

{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" style="margin: 0 0 0 0.5em; background: #FFFFFF; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: #C0C090;"
! {{chembox header}} | Structure and properties
|-
| [[Index of refraction]], ''n''D
| 1.5011 at 20°C 
|-
| [[Abbe number]]
|? 
|-
| [[Dielectric constant]], εr
| (2.274 – 0.0020Δ''T'') ε0 (Δ''T'' = ''T'' – 25 °C)
|-
| [[Bond strength]]
| ? 
|-
| [[Bond length]]
| 1.39 Å C-C<ref>{{cite book|last=Brown, LeMay, Bursten|title=Chemistry: The Central Science|year=2006|publisher=Pearson Education|location=Upper Saddle River, NJ|isbn=0-13-109686-9|pages=1067}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bond angle]]
| 120°C–C–C 120° H–C–C 
|-
| [[Magnetic susceptibility]]
| ? 
|-
| [[Surface tension]]
| 28.88 dyn/cm at 25°C
|-
| [[Viscosity]]<ref name="cheric_p">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cheric.org/research/kdb/hcprop/cmpsrch.php|title=Pure Component Properties|publisher=Chemical Engineering Research Information Center|accessdate=12 May 2007|format=Queriable database}}</ref>
|
{|
|-
| 0.7528 mPa·s || at 10°C
|-
| 0.6999 mPa·s || at 15°C
|-
| 0.6516 mPa·s || at 20°C
|-
| 0.6076 mPa·s || at 25°C
|-
| 0.5673 mPa·s || at 35°C
|-
| 0.4965 mPa·s || at 40°C
|-
| 0.4655 mPa·s || at 45°C
|-
| 0.4370 mPa·s || at 50°C
|-
| 0.4108 mPa·s || at 55°C
|-
| 0.3867 mPa·s || at 60°C
|-
| 0.3644 mPa·s || at 65°C
|-
| 0.3439 mPa·s || at 70°C
|-
| 0.3250 mPa·s || at 75°C
|-
| 0.3075 mPa·s || at 80°C
|-
|}
|-
|}

== Thermodynamic properties == 

{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" style="margin: 0 0 0 0.5em; background: #FFFFFF; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: #C0C090;"
! {{chembox header}} | Phase behavior
|-
| [[Triple point]]
| 278.5 K (5.4 °C), 4.83 kPa
|-
| [[Critical point (chemistry)|Critical point]]
| 562 K (289 °C), 4.89 MPa
|-
| [[Standard enthalpy change of fusion|Std enthalpy change of fusion]], Δfus''H''<s>o</s>
| 9.9 kJ/mol at 5.42 °C
|-
| [[Standard entropy change of fusion|Std entropy change of fusion]], Δfus''S''<s>o</s>
| 35.5 J/(mol·K) at 5.42 °C
|-
| [[Standard enthalpy change of vaporization|Std enthalpy change of vaporization]], Δvap''H''<s>o</s>
| 33.9 kJ/mol at 25°C 30.77 kJ/mol at 80.1°C
|-
| [[Standard entropy change of vaporization|Std entropy change of vaporization]], Δvap''S''<s>o</s>
| 113.6 J/(mol·K) at 25°C 87.1 J/(mol·K) at 80.1°C
|-
! {{chembox header}} | Solid properties
|-
| [[Standard enthalpy change of formation|Std enthalpy change of formation]], Δf''H''<s>o</s>solid
| ? kJ/mol
|-
| [[Standard molar entropy]], ''S''<s>o</s>solid
| 45.56 J/(mol K)
|-
| [[Heat capacity]], ''cp''
| 118.4 J/(mol K) at 0°C
|-
! {{chembox header}} | Liquid properties
|-
| [[Standard enthalpy change of formation|Std enthalpy change of formation]], Δf''H''<s>o</s>liquid
| +48.7 kJ/mol
|-
| [[Standard molar entropy]], ''S''<s>o</s>liquid
| 173.26 J/(mol K)
|-
| [[Enthalpy of combustion]], Δc''H''<s>o</s>
| –3273 kJ/mol
|-
| [[Heat capacity]],<ref name="cheric_p"/> ''cp''
| 134.8 J/(mol K)
|-
! {{chembox header}} | Gas properties
|-
| [[Standard enthalpy change of formation|Std enthalpy change of formation]], Δf''H''<s>o</s>gas
| +82.93 kJ/mol
|-
| [[Standard molar entropy]],<ref name="ddbonline_etp">{{Cite web|url=http://ddbonline.ddbst.de/EE/31%20ETP%20%28Entropy%29.shtml|title=ETP Entropy of Benzene|format=Queriable database|publisher=Dortmund Data Bank|accessdate=7 Oct 2011}}</ref> ''S''<s>o</s>gas
| 269.01 J/(mol K)
|-
| [[Heat capacity]],<ref name="cheric_p">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cheric.org/research/kdb/hcprop/cmpsrch.php|title=Pure Component Properties|format=Queriable database|publisher=Chemical Engineering Research Information Center|accessdate=10 May 2007}}</ref> ''cp''
| 82.44 J/(mol K) at 25°C
|-
| [[van der Waals equation|van der Waals' constants]]<ref name="lange1522">''Lange's Handbook of Chemistry'' 10th ed, pp 1522-1524</ref>
| a = 1823.9 L2 kPa/mol2 b = 0.1154 liter per mole
|-
|}

==Vapor pressure of liquid==
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" style="margin: 0 0 0 0.5em; background: white; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: #C0C090;"
|-
| {{chembox header}} | '''P in mm Hg''' || 1 || 10 || 40 || 100 || 400 || 760 || 1520 || 3800 || 7600 || 15200 || 30400 || 45600
|-
| {{chembox header}} | '''T in °C''' || –36.7(s) || –11.5(s) || 7.6 || 26.1 || 60.6 || 80.1 || 103.8 || 142.5 || 178.8 || 221.5 || 272.3 ||  —
|}
Table data obtained from ''CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics'' 44th ed. Note: (s) notation indicates equilibrium temperature of vapor over solid, otherwise value is equilibrium temperature of vapor over liquid.

[[File:LogBenzeneVaporPressure.png|thumb|774px|left|'''log of Benzene vapor pressure.''' Uses formula: <math>\scriptstyle \log_e P_{mmHg} =</math><math>\scriptstyle \log_e (\frac {760} {101.325}) - 8.433613\log_e(T+273.15) - \frac {6281.040} {T+273.15} + 71.10718 + 6.198413 \times 10^{-06} (T+273.15)^2</math> obtained from CHERIC<ref name="cheric_p"/> Note: yellow area is the region where the formula disagrees with tabulated data above.]]{{Clear}}

==Distillation data==
{|
|- valign="top"
|
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" style="margin: 0 0 0 0.5em; background: white; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: #C0C090;"
|-
| bgcolor="#D0D0D0" align="center" colspan="3"| '''Vapor-liquid Equilibrium for Benzene/Ethanol'''<ref name="cheric_b">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cheric.org/research/kdb/hcvle/hcvle.php|title=Binary Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Data|publisher=Chemical Engineering Research Information Center|format=Queriable database|accessdate=12 May 2007}}</ref> ''P'' = 760 mm Hg
|- {{chembox header}}
! rowspan="2" | BP Temp. °C
! colspan="2" | % by mole ethanol
|- {{chembox header}}
! liquid !! vapor
|-
| 70.8 || 8.6 || 26.5
|-
| 69.8 || 11.2 || 28.2
|-
| 69.6 || 12.0 || 30.8
|-
| 69.1 || 15.8 || 33.5
|-
| 68.5 || 20.0 || 36.8
|-
| 67.7 || 30.8 || 41.0
|-
| 67.7 || 44.2 || 44.6
|-
| 68.1 || 60.4 || 50.5
|-
| 69.6 || 77.0 || 59.0
|-
| 70.4 || 81.5 || 62.8
|-
| 70.9 || 84.1 || 66.5
|-
| 72.7 || 89.8 || 74.4
|-
| 73.8 || 92.4 || 78.2
|-
|}
|    
|
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" style="margin: 0 0 0 0.5em; background: white; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: #C0C090;"
|-
| bgcolor="#D0D0D0" align="center" colspan="3"| '''Vapor-liquid Equilibrium for Benzene/Methanol'''<ref name="cheric_b"/> ''P'' = 760 mm Hg
|- {{chembox header}}
! rowspan="2" | BP Temp. °C
! colspan="2" | % by mole methanol
|- {{chembox header}}
! liquid !! vapor
|-
| 70.67 || 2.6 || 26.7
|-
| 66.44 || 5.0 || 37.1
|-
| 62.87 || 8.8 || 45.7
|-
| 60.20 || 16.4 || 52.6
|-
| 58.64 || 33.3 || 55.9
|-
| 58.02 || 54.9 || 59.5
|-
| 58.10 || 69.9 || 63.3
|-
| 58.47 || 78.2 || 66.5
|-
| 59.90 || 89.8 || 76.0
|-
| 62.71 || 97.3 || 90.7
|-
|}
|    
|
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" style="margin: 0 0 0 0.5em; background: white; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: #C0C090;"
|-
| bgcolor="#D0D0D0" align="center" colspan="3"| '''Vapor-liquid Equilibrium for Benzene/Acetone'''<ref name="cheric_b"/> ''P'' = 101.325 kPa
|- {{chembox header}}
! rowspan="2" | BP Temp. °C
! colspan="2" | % by mole benzene
|- {{chembox header}}
! liquid !! vapor
|-
| 57.34 || 11.7 || 7.4
|-
| 57.48 || 12.8 || 8.1
|-
| 57.75 || 15.1 || 9.5
|-
| 59.21 || 26.7 || 16.6
|-
| 59.24 || 27.0 || 16.7
|-
| 60.01 || 32.7 || 20.2
|-
| 60.71 || 37.3 || 23.1
|-
| 61.05 || 39.8 || 24.7
|-
| 61.91 || 45.0 || 27.9
|-
| 62.82 || 50.2 || 31.7
|-
| 63.39 || 53.4 || 33.9
|-
| 63.79 || 55.4 || 35.3
|-
| 64.22 || 57.2 || 37.0
|-
| 64.99 || 61.3 || 39.9
|-
| 67.88 || 73.0 || 51.2
|-
| 70.21 || 80.7 || 60.1
|-
| 72.23 || 86.1 || 67.9
|-
|}
|    
|
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" style="margin: 0 0 0 0.5em; background: white; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: #C0C090;"
|-
| bgcolor="#D0D0D0" align="center" colspan="3"| '''Vapor-liquid Equilibrium for Benzene/''n''-Hexane'''<ref name="cheric_b"/> ''P'' = 760 mmHg
|- {{chembox header}}
! rowspan="2" | BP Temp. °C
! colspan="2" | % by mole hexane
|- {{chembox header}}
! liquid !! vapor
|-
| 77.6 || 7.3 || 14.0
|-
| 75.1 || 17.2 || 26.8
|-
| 73.4 || 26.8 || 37.6
|-
| 72.0 || 37.2 || 46.0
|-
| 70.9 || 46.2 || 54.0
|-
| 70.0 || 58.5 || 64.4
|-
| 69.4 || 69.2 || 72.5
|-
| 69.1 || 79.2 || 80.7
|-
| 69.0 || 82.8 || 83.8
|-
| 68.9 || 88.3 || 88.8
|-
| 68.8 || 94.7 || 95.0
|-
| 68.8 || 96.2 || 96.4
|-
|}
|}
{{Clear}}

== Spectral data == 

{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" style="margin: 0 0 0 0.5em; background: #FFFFFF; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: #C0C090;"
! {{chembox header}} | [[UV/VIS spectroscopy|UV-Vis]]

|-
| [[Ionization potential]]
| 9.24 eV (74525.6 cm−1)
|-
| [[Electronic state|S1]]
| 4.75 eV (38311.3 cm−1)
|-
| [[Electronic state|S2]]
| 6.05 eV (48796.5 cm−1)
|-
| [[Lambda-max|λmax]]
| 255 [[Nanometre|nm]]
|-
| [[molar absorptivity|Extinction coefficient]], ε
| ?
|-
! {{chembox header}} | [[Infrared|IR]]
|-
| Major absorption bands<ref name="aist">{{Cite web|url=http://www.aist.go.jp/RIODB/SDBS/cgi-bin/cre_index.cgi|title=Spectral Database for Organic Compounds|publisher=Advanced Industrial Science and Technology|format=Queriable database|accessdate=10 June 2007}}</ref>
|
{|
|-
| colspan="2" align="center" | (liquid film)
|-
! Wave number !! transmittance
|-
| 3091 cm−1 || 42%
|-
| 3072 cm−1 || 49%
|-
| 3036 cm−1 || 27%
|-
| 1961 cm−1 || 77%
|-
| 1815 cm−1 || 70%
|-
| 1526 cm−1 || 81%
|-
| 1479 cm−1 || 20%
|-
| 1393 cm−1 || 84%
|-
| 1176 cm−1 || 86%
|-
| 1038 cm−1 || 49%
|-
| 674 cm−1 || 4%
|}
|-
! {{chembox header}} | [[NMR Spectroscopy|NMR]]
|-
| [[Proton NMR]] 
| (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 7.34 (s, 6H)
|-
| [[Carbon-13 NMR]] 
| (CDCl3, 25 MHz) δ 128.4
|-
| Other NMR data 
|  
|-
! {{chembox header}} | [[Mass Spectrometry|MS]]
|-
| Masses of main fragments
|   
|-
|}

[[File:Benzene h nmr.png|600px]]
[[File:Benzene c13 nmr.png|600px]]

==Safety data==
[[Material Safety Data Sheet]] for [[benzene]]:

{| class="wikitable"
| '''Common synonyms'''
| None
|-
| '''Physical properties'''
| Form: colorless liquid
|-
|
| Stability: Stable, but very flammable
|-
|
|Melting point: 5.5 C
|-
|
|Water solubility: negligible
|-
|
|Specific gravity: 0.87
|-
| '''Principal hazards'''
| *** Benzene is a [[carcinogen]] (cancer-causing agent).
|-
|
| *** Very flammable. The pure material, and any solutions containing it, constitute a fire risk.
|-
| '''Safe handling'''
| Benzene should NOT be used at all unless no safer alternatives are available.
|-
|
|If benzene must be used in an experiment, it should be handled at all stages in a fume cupboard.
|-
|
|Wear safety glasses and use protective gloves.
|-
| '''Emergency'''
| ''Eye contact:'' Immediately flush the eye with plenty of water. Continue for at least ten minutes
|-
|
|and call for immediate medical help.
|-
|
|''Skin contact'': Wash off with soap and water. Remove any contaminated clothing. If the skin
|-
|
| reddens or appears damaged, call for medical aid.
|-
|
| ''If swallowed:'' Call for immediate medical help.
|-
| '''Disposal'''
| It is dangerous to try to dispose of benzene by washing it down a sink, since it is toxic, will cause environmental damage
|-
|
| and presents a fire risk. It is probable that trying to dispose of benzene in this way will also break local
|-
|
|environmental rules. Instead, retain in a safe place in the laboratory (well away from any source of ignition)
|-
|
| for disposal with other flammable, non-chlorinated solvents.
|-
|'''Protective equipment'''
|Safety glasses. If gloves are worn, PVA, butyl rubber and viton are suitable materials.
|}

==References==
<references/>


Except where noted otherwise, data relate to [[standard ambient temperature and pressure]].

[[wikipedia:Chemical infobox|Disclaimer]] applies.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Benzene (Data Page)}}
[[Category:Chemical data pages]]
[[Category:Simple aromatic rings]]

Limiting density of discrete points

2012-08-04T17:35:37Z

67.240.246.120: Nobody calls him "Elwood"

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