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2013-06-14T08:35:23Z

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'''Volume holograms''' are [[holograms]] where the thickness of the recording material is much larger than the light wavelength used for recording. In this case diffraction of light from the hologram is possible only as [[Bragg diffraction]], i.e., the light has to have the right wavelength (color) and the wave must have the right shape (beam direction, wavefront profile). Volume holograms are also called "thick holograms" or "Bragg holograms".

== Theory ==

Volume holograms were first treated by H. Kogelnik in 1969 <ref name="kogelnik">{{cite journal
| title = Coupled-wave theory for thick hologram gratings
| author = H. Kogelnik
| coauthors=
| journal = Bell System Technical Journal
| volume = 48
| number =
| pages = 2909
| year = 1969
| month =
| url =
| doi =
| publisher =
}}</ref> by the so-called "coupled-wave theory". For volume ''phase'' holograms it is possible to diffract 100% of the incoming reference light into the signal wave, i.e., full diffraction of light can be achieved. Volume ''absorption'' holograms show much lower efficiencies. H. Kogelnik provides analytical solutions for transmission as well as for reflection conditions. A good text-book description of the theory of volume holograms can be found in a book from J. Goodman
.<ref name="goodman">{{cite book
| title = Introduction to Fourier optics
| author = J. Goodman
| year = 2005
| publisher = Roberts & Co Publishers
}}</ref>

== Manufacturing ==
A volume hologram is usually made by exposing a photo-thermo-refractive glass to an [[interference pattern]] from an [[ultraviolet]] [[laser]]. It is also possible to make volume holograms in nonphotosensitive glass by exposing it to [[femtosecond laser]] pulses <ref name="richter">{{cite book
| author = Richter, D. and Voigtlander, C. and Becker, R. and Thomas, Jens and Tunnermann, Andreas and Nolte, S.
| title = Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe (CLEO EUROPE/EQEC), 2011 Conference on and 12th European Quantum Electronics Conference
| chapter = Efficient volume Bragg gratings in various transparent materials induced by femtosecond laser pulses
| year = 2011
| pages = 1-1
| doi = 10.1109/CLEOE.2011.5943325
| isbn = 978-1-4577-0533-5
}}</ref>

== Bragg selectivity ==

In the case of a simple [[Bragg reflector]] the wavelength selectivity <math>\Delta\lambda</math> can be roughly estimated by <math>\Delta\lambda/\lambda \approx \Lambda/L</math>, where <math>\lambda</math> is the vacuum wavelength of the reading light, <math>\Lambda</math> is the period length of the grating and <math>L</math> is the thickness of the grating. The assumption is just that the grating is not too strong, i.e., that the full length of the grating is used for light diffraction. Considering that because of the Bragg condition the simple relation <math>\Lambda=\lambda/(2n)</math> holds, where <math>n</math> is the refractive index of the material at this wavelength, one sees that for typical values (<math>\lambda = 500\mbox{ nm},\, L = 1\mbox{ cm},\, n = 1.5</math>) one gets <br /><math>\Delta\lambda/\lambda \approx 10^{-5}</math> showing the extraordinary wavelength selectivity of such volume holograms.

In the case of a simple grating in the transmission geometry the angular selectivity <math>\Delta\Theta</math> can be estimated as well: <math>\Delta\Theta \approx \Lambda/d</math>, where <math>d</math> is the thickness of the holographic grating. Here <math>\Lambda</math> is given by <math>\Lambda = (\lambda/</math>2<math>\sin\Theta</math>). Using again typical numbers (<math>\lambda = 500\mbox{ nm},\, d = 1\mbox{ cm},\, \Theta = 45 ^\circ</math>) one ends up with <br><math>\Delta\Theta \approx 4 \times 10^{-5}\mbox{ rad} = 0.002^\circ</math> showing the impressive angular selectivity of volume holograms.

== Applications of volume holograms ==

The Bragg selectivity makes volume holograms very important. Prominent examples are:

*[[Distributed feedback laser]]s (DFB lasers) as well as distributed Bragg reflector lasers (DBR lasers) where the wavelength selectivity of volume holograms is used to narrow the spectral emission of semiconductor lasers.
*[[Holographic memory]] devices for [[holographic data storage]] where the Bragg selectivity is used to multiplex several holograms in one piece of holographic recording material using effectively the third dimension of the storage material.
*[[Fiber Bragg grating]]s that employ volume holographic gratings encrypted into an optical fiber.<br />Wavelength filters that are used as an external feedback in particular for semiconductor lasers.<ref>http://www.ondaxinc.com/ - Ondax, Inc.</ref><ref>http://www.pdld.com/index.htm - PD LD, Inc.</ref><ref>http://www.optigrate.com/ - Optigrate</ref> Although the idea is similar to that of DBR lasers, these filters are not integrated onto the chip. With the help of such filters also high-power laser diodes become narrow-band and less temperature sensitive.
*[[Imaging spectroscopy]] by selecting a single wavelength for each pixel in a full camera field.<ref>[http://photonetc.com/documents/pdf/spie_ibtf_2006_v2.pdf The imaging Bragg Tunable Filter: a new path to integral field spectroscopy and narrow band imaging]</ref> Volume holograms are used as tunable optical filters to produce monochromatic images, also known as [[hyperspectral imaging]].

==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Holography]]

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