Picard–Fuchs equation
Template:Atomic radius Ionic radius, rion, is the radius of an atom's ion. Although neither atoms nor ions have sharp boundaries, they are sometimes treated as if they were hard spheres with radii such that the sum of ionic radii of the cation and anion gives the distance between the ions in a crystal lattice. Ionic radii are typically given in units of either picometers (pm) or Angstroms (Å), with 1 Å = 100 pm. Typical values range from 30 pm (0.3 Å) to over 200 pm (2 Å).
Trends in ionic radii
X− | NaX | AgX |
---|---|---|
F | 464 | 492 |
Cl | 564 | 555 |
Br | 598 | 577 |
Unit cell parameters (in pm, equal to two M–X bond lengths) for sodium and silver halides. All compounds crystallize in the NaCl structure. |
Ions may be larger or smaller than the neutral atom, depending on the ion's charge. When an atom loses an electron to form a cation, the lost electron no longer contributes to shielding the other electrons from the charge of the nucleus; consequently, the other electrons are more strongly attracted to the nucleus, and the radius of the atom gets smaller. Similarly, when an electron is added to an atom, forming an anion, the added electron shields the other electrons from the nucleus, with the result that the size of the atom increases.
The ionic radius is not a fixed property of a given ion, but varies with coordination number, spin state and other parameters. Nevertheless, ionic radius values are sufficiently transferable to allow periodic trends to be recognized. As with other types of atomic radius, ionic radii increase on descending a group. Ionic size (for the same ion) also increases with increasing coordination number, and an ion in a high-spin state will be larger than the same ion in a low-spin state. In general, ionic radius decreases with increasing positive charge and increases with increasing negative charge.
An "anomalous" ionic radius in a crystal is often a sign of significant covalent character in the bonding. No bond is completely ionic, and some supposedly "ionic" compounds, especially of the transition metals, are particularly covalent in character. This is illustrated by the unit cell parameters for sodium and silver halides in the table. On the basis of the fluorides, one would say that Ag+ is larger than Na+, but on the basis of the chlorides and bromides the opposite appears to be true.[1] This is because the greater covalent character of the bonds in AgCl and AgBr reduces the bond length and hence the apparent ionic radius of Ag+, an effect which is not present in the halides of the more electropositive sodium, nor in silver fluoride in which the fluoride ion is relatively unpolarizable.
Determination of ionic radii
The distance between two ions in an ionic crystal can be determined by X-ray crystallography, which gives the lengths of the sides of the unit cell of a crystal. For example, the length of each edge of the unit cell of sodium chloride is found to be 564.02 pm. Each edge of the unit cell of sodium chloride may be considered to have the atoms arranged as Na+∙∙∙Cl−∙∙∙Na+, so the edge is twice the Na-Cl separation. Therefore, the distance between the Na+ and Cl− ions is half of 564.02 pm, which is 282.01 pm. However, although X-ray crystallography gives the distance between ions, it doesn't indicate where the boundary is between those ions, so it doesn't directly give ionic radii.
Landé[2] estimated ionic radii by considering crystals in which the anion and cation have a large difference in size, such as LiI. The lithium ions are so much smaller than the iodide ions that the lithium fits into holes within the crystal lattice, allowing the iodide ions to touch. That is, the distance between two neighboring iodides in the crystal is assumed to be twice the radius of the iodide ion, which was deduced to be 214 pm. This value can be used to determine other radii. For example, the inter-ionic distance in RbI is 356 pm, giving 142 pm for the ionic radius of Rb+. In this way values for the radii of 8 ions were determined.
Wasastjerna estimated ionic radii by considering the relative volumes of ions as determined from electrical polarizability as determined by measurements of refractive index.[3] These results were extended by Victor Goldschmidt.[4] Both Wasastjerna and Goldschmidt used a value of 132 pm for the O2− ion.
Pauling used effective nuclear charge to proportion the distance between ions into anionic and a cationic radii.[5] His data gives the O2− ion a radius of 140 pm.
A major review of crystallographic data led to the publication of revised ionic radii by Shannon.[6] Shannon gives different radii for different coordination numbers, and for high and low spin states of the ions. To be consistent with Pauling's radii, Shannon has used a value of rion(O2−) = 140 pm; data using that value are referred to as "effective" ionic radii. However, Shannon also includes data based on rion(O2−) = 126 pm; data using that value are referred to as "Crystal" ionic radii. Shannon states that "it is felt that crystal radii correspond more closely to the physical size of ions in a solid."[6] The two sets of data are listed in the two tables below.
Number | Name | Symbol | 3– | 2– | 1– | 1+ | 2+ | 3+ | 4+ | 5+ | 6+ | 7+ | 8+ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3 | Lithium | Li | 90 | ||||||||||
4 | Beryllium | Be | 59 | ||||||||||
5 | Boron | B | 41 | ||||||||||
6 | Carbon | C | 30 | ||||||||||
7 | Nitrogen | N | 132 (4) | 30 | 27 | ||||||||
8 | Oxygen | O | 126 | ||||||||||
9 | Fluorine | F | 119 | 22 | |||||||||
11 | Sodium | Na | 116 | ||||||||||
12 | Magnesium | Mg | 86 | ||||||||||
13 | Aluminum | Al | 67.5 | ||||||||||
14 | Silicon | Si | 54 | ||||||||||
15 | Phosphorus | P | 58 | 52 | |||||||||
16 | Sulfur | S | 170 | 51 | 43 | ||||||||
17 | Chlorine | Cl | 167 | 26 (3py) | 41 | ||||||||
19 | Potassium | K | 152 | ||||||||||
20 | Calcium | Ca | 114 | ||||||||||
21 | Scandium | Sc | 88.5 | ||||||||||
22 | Titanium | Ti | 100 | 81 | 74.5 | ||||||||
23 | Vanadium | V | 93 | 78 | 72 | 68 | |||||||
24 | Chromium ls | Cr | 87 | 75.5 | 69 | 63 | 58 | ||||||
24 | Chromium hs | Cr | 94 | ||||||||||
25 | Manganese ls | Mn | 81 | 72 | 67 | 47 (4) | 39.5 (4) | 60 | |||||
25 | Manganese hs | Mn | 97 | 78.5 | |||||||||
26 | Iron ls | Fe | 75 | 69 | 72.5 | 39 (4) | |||||||
26 | Iron hs | Fe | 92 | 78.5 | |||||||||
27 | Cobalt ls | Co | 79 | 68.5 | |||||||||
27 | Cobalt hs | Co | 88.5 | 75 | 67 | ||||||||
28 | Nickel ls | Ni | 83 | 70 | 62 ls | ||||||||
28 | Nickel hs | Ni | 74 | ||||||||||
29 | Copper | Cu | 91 | 87 | 68 ls | ||||||||
30 | Zinc | Zn | 88 | ||||||||||
31 | Gallium | Ga | 76 | ||||||||||
32 | Germanium | Ge | 87 | 67 | |||||||||
33 | Arsenic | As | 72 | 60 | |||||||||
34 | Selenium | Se | 184 | 64 | 56 | ||||||||
35 | Bromine | Br | 182 | 73 (4sq) | 45 (3py) | 53 | |||||||
37 | Rubidium | Rb | 166 | ||||||||||
38 | Strontium | Sr | 132 | ||||||||||
39 | Yttrium | Y | 104 | ||||||||||
40 | Zirconium | Zr | 86 | ||||||||||
41 | Niobium | Nb | 86 | 82 | 78 | ||||||||
42 | Molybdenum | Mo | 83 | 79 | 75 | 73 | |||||||
43 | Technetium | Tc | 78.5 | 74 | 70 | ||||||||
44 | Ruthenium | Ru | 82 | 76 | 70.5 | 52 (4) | 50 (4) | ||||||
45 | Rhodium | Rh | 80.5 | 74 | 69 | ||||||||
46 | Palladium | Pd | 73 (2) | 100 | 90 | 75.5 | |||||||
47 | Silver | Ag | 129 | 108 | 89 | ||||||||
48 | Cadmium | Cd | 109 | ||||||||||
49 | Indium | In | 94 | ||||||||||
50 | Tin | Sn | 83 | ||||||||||
51 | Antimony | Sb | 90 | 74 | |||||||||
52 | Tellurium | Te | 207 | 111 | 70 | ||||||||
53 | Iodine | I | 206 | 109 | 67 | ||||||||
54 | Xenon | Xe | 62 | ||||||||||
55 | Caesium | Cs | 181 | ||||||||||
56 | Barium | Ba | 149 | ||||||||||
57 | Lanthanum | La | 117.2 | ||||||||||
58 | Cerium | Ce | 115 | 101 | |||||||||
59 | Praseodymium | Pr | 113 | 99 | |||||||||
60 | Neodymium | Nd | 143 (8) | 112.3 | |||||||||
61 | Promethium | Pm | 111 | ||||||||||
62 | Samarium | Sm | 136 (7) | 109.8 | |||||||||
63 | Europium | Eu | 131 | 108.7 | |||||||||
64 | Gadolinium | Gd | 107.8 | ||||||||||
65 | Terbium | Tb | 106.3 | 90 | |||||||||
66 | Dysprosium | Dy | 121 | 105.2 | |||||||||
67 | Holmium | Ho | 104.1 | ||||||||||
68 | Erbium | Er | 103 | ||||||||||
69 | Thulium | Tm | 117 | 102 | |||||||||
70 | Ytterbium | Yb | 116 | 100.8 | |||||||||
71 | Lutetium | Lu | 100.1 | ||||||||||
72 | Hafnium | Hf | 85 | ||||||||||
73 | Tantalum | Ta | 86 | 82 | 78 | ||||||||
74 | Tungsten | W | 80 | 76 | 74 | ||||||||
75 | Rhenium | Re | 77 | 72 | 69 | 67 | |||||||
76 | Osmium | Os | 77 | 71.5 | 68.5 | 66.5 | 53 (4) | ||||||
77 | Iridium | Ir | 82 | 76.5 | 71 | ||||||||
78 | Platinum | Pt | 94 | 76.5 | 71 | ||||||||
79 | Gold | Au | 151 | 99 | 71 | ||||||||
80 | Mercury | Hg | 133 | 116 | |||||||||
81 | Thallium | Tl | 164 | 102.5 | |||||||||
82 | Lead | Pb | 133 | 91.5 | |||||||||
83 | Bismuth | Bi | 117 | 90 | |||||||||
84 | Polonium | Po | 108 | 81 | |||||||||
85 | Astatine | At | 76 | ||||||||||
87 | Francium | Fr | 194 | ||||||||||
88 | Radium | Ra | 162 (8) | ||||||||||
89 | Actinium | Ac | 126 | ||||||||||
90 | Thorium | Th | 108 | ||||||||||
91 | Protactinium | Pa | 116 | 104 | 92 | ||||||||
92 | Uranium | U | 116.5 | 103 | 90 | 87 | |||||||
93 | Neptunium | Np | 124 | 115 | 101 | 89 | 86 | 85 | |||||
94 | Plutonium | Pu | 114 | 100 | 88 | 85 | |||||||
95 | Americium | Am | 140 (8) | 111.5 | 99 | ||||||||
96 | Curium | Cm | 111 | 99 | |||||||||
97 | Berkelium | Bk | 110 | 97 | |||||||||
98 | Californium | Cf | 109 | 96.1 | |||||||||
99 | Einsteinium | Es | 92.8[7] |
Number | Name | Symbol | 3– | 2– | 1– | 1+ | 2+ | 3+ | 4+ | 5+ | 6+ | 7+ | 8+ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3 | Lithium | Li | 76 | ||||||||||
4 | Beryllium | Be | 45 | ||||||||||
5 | Boron | B | 27 | ||||||||||
6 | Carbon | C | 16 | ||||||||||
7 | Nitrogen | N | 146 (4) | 16 | 13 | ||||||||
8 | Oxygen | O | 140 | ||||||||||
9 | Fluorine | F | 133 | 8 | |||||||||
11 | Sodium | Na | 102 | ||||||||||
12 | Magnesium | Mg | 72 | ||||||||||
13 | Aluminum | Al | 53.5 | ||||||||||
14 | Silicon | Si | 40 | ||||||||||
15 | Phosphorus | P | 44 | 38 | |||||||||
16 | Sulfur | S | 184 | 37 | 29 | ||||||||
17 | Chlorine | Cl | 181 | 12 (3py) | 27 | ||||||||
19 | Potassium | K | 138 | ||||||||||
20 | Calcium | Ca | 100 | ||||||||||
21 | Scandium | Sc | 74.5 | ||||||||||
22 | Titanium | Ti | 86 | 67 | 60.5 | ||||||||
23 | Vanadium | V | 79 | 64 | 58 | 54 | |||||||
24 | Chromium ls | Cr | 73 | 61.5 | 55 | 49 | 44 | ||||||
24 | Chromium hs | Cr | 80 | ||||||||||
25 | Manganese ls | Mn | 67 | 58 | 53 | 33 (4) | 25.5 (4) | 46 | |||||
25 | Manganese hs | Mn | 83 | 64.5 | |||||||||
26 | Iron ls | Fe | 61 | 55 | 58.5 | 25 (4) | |||||||
26 | Iron hs | Fe | 78 | 64.5 | |||||||||
27 | Cobalt ls | Co | 65 | 54.5 | |||||||||
27 | Cobalt hs | Co | 74.5 | 61 | 53 hs | ||||||||
28 | Nickel ls | Ni | 69 | 56 | 48 ls | ||||||||
28 | Nickel hs | Ni | 60 | ||||||||||
29 | Copper | Cu | 77 | 73 | 54 ls | ||||||||
30 | Zinc | Zn | 74 | ||||||||||
31 | Gallium | Ga | 62 | ||||||||||
32 | Germanium | Ge | 73 | 53 | |||||||||
33 | Arsenic | As | 58 | 46 | |||||||||
34 | Selenium | Se | 198 | 50 | 42 | ||||||||
35 | Bromine | Br | 196 | 59 (4sq) | 31 (3py) | 39 | |||||||
37 | Rubidium | Rb | 152 | ||||||||||
38 | Strontium | Sr | 118 | ||||||||||
39 | Yttrium | Y | 90 | ||||||||||
40 | Zirconium | Zr | 72 | ||||||||||
41 | Niobium | Nb | 72 | 68 | 64 | ||||||||
42 | Molybdenum | Mo | 69 | 65 | 61 | 59 | |||||||
43 | Technetium | Tc | 64.5 | 60 | 56 | ||||||||
44 | Ruthenium | Ru | 68 | 62 | 56.5 | 38 (4) | 36 (4) | ||||||
45 | Rhodium | Rh | 66.5 | 60 | 55 | ||||||||
46 | Palladium | Pd | 59 (2) | 86 | 76 | 61.5 | |||||||
47 | Silver | Ag | 115 | 94 | 75 | ||||||||
48 | Cadmium | Cd | 95 | ||||||||||
49 | Indium | In | 80 | ||||||||||
50 | Tin | Sn | 69 | ||||||||||
51 | Antimony | Sb | 76 | 60 | |||||||||
52 | Tellurium | Te | 221 | 97 | 56 | ||||||||
53 | Iodine | I | 220 | 95 | 53 | ||||||||
54 | Xenon | Xe | 48 | ||||||||||
55 | Caesium | Cs | 167 | ||||||||||
56 | Barium | Ba | 135 | ||||||||||
57 | Lanthanum | La | 103.2 | ||||||||||
58 | Cerium | Ce | 101 | 87 | |||||||||
59 | Praseodymium | Pr | 99 | 85 | |||||||||
60 | Neodymium | Nd | 129 (8) | 98.3 | |||||||||
61 | Promethium | Pm | 97 | ||||||||||
62 | Samarium | Sm | 122 (8) | 95.8 | |||||||||
63 | Europium | Eu | 117 | 94.7 | |||||||||
64 | Gadolinium | Gd | 93.5 | ||||||||||
65 | Terbium | Tb | 92.3 | 76 | |||||||||
66 | Dysprosium | Dy | 107 | 91.2 | |||||||||
67 | Holmium | Ho | 90.1 | ||||||||||
68 | Erbium | Er | 89 | ||||||||||
69 | Thulium | Tm | 103 | 88 | |||||||||
70 | Ytterbium | Yb | 102 | 86.8 | |||||||||
71 | Lutetium | Lu | 86.1 | ||||||||||
72 | Hafnium | Hf | 71 | ||||||||||
73 | Tantalum | Ta | 72 | 68 | 64 | ||||||||
74 | Tungsten | W | 66 | 62 | 60 | ||||||||
75 | Rhenium | Re | 63 | 58 | 55 | 53 | |||||||
76 | Osmium | Os | 63 | 57.5 | 54.5 | 52.5 | 39 (4) | ||||||
77 | Iridium | Ir | 68 | 62.5 | 57 | ||||||||
78 | Platinum | Pt | 80 | 62.5 | 57 | ||||||||
79 | Gold | Au | 137 | 85 | 57 | ||||||||
80 | Mercury | Hg | 119 | 102 | |||||||||
81 | Thallium | Tl | 150 | 88.5 | |||||||||
82 | Lead | Pb | 119 | 77.5 | |||||||||
83 | Bismuth | Bi | 103 | 76 | |||||||||
84 | Polonium | Po | 94 | 67 | |||||||||
85 | Astatine | At | 62 | ||||||||||
87 | Francium | Fr | 180 | ||||||||||
88 | Radium | Ra | 148 (8) | ||||||||||
89 | Actinium | Ac | 112 | ||||||||||
90 | Thorium | Th | 94 | ||||||||||
91 | Protactinium | Pa | 104 | 90 | 78 | ||||||||
92 | Uranium | U | 102.5 | 89 | 76 | 73 | |||||||
93 | Neptunium | Np | 110 | 101 | 87 | 75 | 72 | 71 | |||||
94 | Plutonium | Pu | 100 | 86 | 74 | 71 | |||||||
95 | Americium | Am | 126 (8) | 97.5 | 85 | ||||||||
96 | Curium | Cm | 97 | 85 | |||||||||
97 | Berkelium | Bk | 96 | 83 | |||||||||
98 | Californium | Cf | 95 | 82.1 | |||||||||
99 | Einsteinium | Es | 83.5[7] |
The Soft-sphere Model
Cation, M | RM | Anion, X | RX |
---|---|---|---|
Li+ | 109.4 | Cl- | 218.1 |
Na+ | 149.7 | Br- | 237.2 |
For many compounds, the model of ions as hard spheres does not reproduce the distance between ions, , to the accuracy with which it can be measured in crystals. One approach to improving the calculated accuracy is to model ions as "soft spheres" that overlap in the crystal. Because the ions overlap, their separation in the crystal will be less than the sum of their soft-sphere radii.[8]
The relation between soft-sphere ionic radii, and , and , is given by
where is an exponent that varies with the type of crystal structure. In the hard-sphere model, would be 1, giving . In the soft-sphere model, has a value between 1 and 2. For example, for crystals of group 1 halides with the sodium chloride structure, a value of 1.6667 gives good agreement with experiment. Some soft-sphere ionic radii are in the table. These radii are larger than the crystal radii given above (Li+, 90 pm; Cl-, 167 pm).
MX | Observed | Soft-sphere model |
---|---|---|
LiCl | 257.0 | 257.2 |
LiBr | 275.1 | 274.4 |
NaCl | 282.0 | 281.9 |
NaBr | 298.7 | 298.2 |
Inter-ionic separations calculated with these radii give remarkably good agreement with experimental values. Some data are given in the table. Curiously, no theoretical justification for the equation containing has been given.
Non-spherical Ions
The concept of ionic radii is based on the assumption of a spherical ion shape. However, from a group-theoretical point of view the assumption is only justified for ions that reside on high-symmetry crystal lattice sites like Na and Cl in halite or Zn and S in sphalerite. A clear distinction can be made, when the point symmetry group of the respective lattice site is considered,[9] which are the cubic groups Oh and Td in NaCl and ZnS. For ions on lower-symmetry sites significant deviations of their electron density from a spherical shape may occur. This holds in particular for ions on lattice sites of polar symmetry, which are the crystallographic point groups C1, C1h, Cn or Cnv, n = 2, 3, 4 or 6.[10] A thorough analysis of the bonding geometry was recently carried out for pyrite-type disulfides, where monovalent sulfur ions reside on C3 lattice sites. It was found that the sulfur ions have to be modeled by thermal ellipsoids with different radii in direction of the symmetry axis and perpendicular to it.[11] Remarkably, it turned out in this case that it is not the ionic radius, but the ionic volume that remains constant in different crystalline compounds.
See also
References
43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.
- ↑ On the basis of conventional ionic radii, Ag+ (129 pm) is indeed larger than Na+ (116 pm)
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Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
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A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 This is an 8 volume set of books by Goldschmidt. - ↑ Pauling, L. (1960). The Nature of the Chemical Bond (3rd Edn.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ 7.0 7.1 R. G. Haire, R. D. Baybarz: "Identification and Analysis of Einsteinium Sesquioxide by Electron Diffraction", in: Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, 1973, 35 (2), S. 489–496; Electronic Instrument Positions Staff (Standard ) Cameron from Clarence Creek, usually spends time with hobbies and interests which include knotting, property developers in singapore apartment For sale and boomerangs. Has enrolled in a world contiki journey. Is extremely thrilled specifically about visiting ..
- ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang