Modulus of continuity

In mathematical morphology, a structuring element (s.e.) is a shape, used to probe or interact with a given image, with the purpose of drawing conclusions on how this shape fits or misses the shapes in the image. It is typically used in morphological operations, such as dilation, erosion, opening, and closing, as well as the hit-or-miss transform.

According to Georges Matheron, knowledge about an object (e.g., an image) depends on the manner in which we probe (observe) it. In particular, the choice of a certain s.e. for a particular morphological operation influences the information one can obtain. There are two main characteristics that are directly related to s.e.s:

• Shape. For example, the s.e. can be a "ball" or a line; convex or a ring, etc. By choosing a particular s.e., one sets a way of differentiating some objects (or parts of objects) from others, according to their shape or spatial orientation.
• Size. For example, one s.e. can be a $3\times 3$ square or a $21\times 21$ square. Setting the size of the structuring element is similar to setting the observation scale, and setting the criterion to differentiate image objects or features according to size.

Mathematical particulars and examples

Structuring elements are particular cases of binary images, usually being small and simple. In mathematical morphology, binary images are subsets of an Euclidean space R^d or the integer grid Z^d, for some dimension d. Here are some examples of widely used structuring elements (denoted by B):

• Let E=R²; B is an open disk of radius r, centered at the origin.
• Let E=Z²; B is a 3x3 square, that is, B={(-1,-1),(-1,0),(-1,1),(0,-1),(0,0),(0,1),(1,-1),(1,0),(1,1)}.
• Let E=Z²; B is the "cross" given by: B={(-1,0),(0,-1),(0,0),(0,1),(1,0)}.

In the discrete case, a structuring element can also be represented as a set of pixels on a grid, assuming the values 1 (if the pixel belongs to the structuring element) or 0 (otherwise).

When used by a hit-or-miss transform, usually the structuring element is a composite of two disjoint sets (two simple structuring elements), one associated to the foreground, and one associated to the background of the image to be probed. In this case, an alternative representation of the composite structuring element is as a set of pixels which are either set (1, associated to the foreground), not set (0, associated to the background) or "don't care".

Notes

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References

• Edward R. Dougherty, An Introduction to Morphological Image Processing, ISBN 0-8194-0845-X (1992)
• Jean Serra, Image Analysis and Mathematical Morphology, Volume 1, ISBN 0-12-637241-1 (1982)