Coefficient of performance

In abstract algebra, an Artinian module is a module that satisfies the descending chain condition on its poset of submodules. They are for modules what Artinian rings are for rings, and a ring is Artinian if and only if it is an Artinian module over itself (with left or right multiplication). Both concepts are named for Emil Artin.

In the presence of the axiom of choice, the descending chain condition becomes equivalent to the minimum condition, and so that may be used in the definition instead.

Like Noetherian modules, Artinian modules enjoy the following heredity property:

• If M is an Artinian R-module, then so is any submodule and any quotient of M.

The converse also holds:

• If M is any R module and N any Artinian submodule such that M/N is Artinian, then M is Artinian.

As a consequence, any finitely-generated module over an Artinian ring is Artinian. Since an Artinian ring is also a Noetherian ring, and finitely-generated modules over a Noetherian ring are Noetherian, it is true that for an Artinian ring R, any finitely-generated R-module is both Noetherian and Artinian, and is said to be of finite length; however, if R is not Artinian, or if M is not finitely generated, there are counterexamples.

Left and right Artinian rings, modules and bimodules

The ring R can be considered as a right module, where the action is the natural one given by the ring multiplication on the right. R is called right Artinian when this right module R is an Artinian module. The definition of "left Artinian ring" is done analogously. For noncommutative rings this distinction is necessary, because it is possible for a ring to be Artinian on one side only.

The left-right adjectives are not normally necessary for modules, because the module M is usually given as a left or right R module at the outset. However, it is possible that M may have both a left and right R module structure, and then calling M Artinian is ambiguous, and it becomes necessary to clarify which module structure is Artinian. To separate the properties of the two structures, one can abuse terminology and refer to M as left Artinian or right Artinian when, strictly speaking, it is correct to say that M, with its left R-module structure, is Artinian.

The occurrence of modules with a left and right structure is not unusual: for example R itself has a left and right R module structure. In fact this is an example of a bimodule, and it may be possible for an abelian group M to be made into a left-R, right-S bimodule for a different ring S. Indeed, for any right module M, it is automatically a left module over the ring of integers Z, and moreover is a Z-R bimodule. For example, consider the rational numbers Q as a Z-Q bimodule in the natural way. Then Q is not Artinian as a left Z module, but it is Artinian a right Q module.

The Artinian condition can be defined on bimodule structures as well: an Artinian bimodule is a bimodule whose poset of sub-bimodules satisfies the descending chain condition. Since a sub-bimodule of an R-S bimodule M is a fortiori a left R-module, if M considered as a left R module were Artinian, then M is automatically an Artinian bimodule. It may happen, however, that a bimodule is Artinian without its left or right structures being Artinian, as the following example will show.

Example: It is well known that a simple ring is left Artinian if and only if it is right Artinian, in which case it is a semisimple ring. Let R be a simple ring which is not right Artinian. Then it is also not left Artinian. Considering R as an R-R bimodule in the natural way, its sub-bimodules are exactly the ideals of R. Since R is simple there are only two: R and the zero ideal. Thus the bimodule R is Artinian as a bimodule, but not Artinian as a left or right R-module over itself.

Relation to the Noetherian condition

Unlike the case of rings, there are Artinian modules which are not Noetherian modules. For example, consider the p-primary component of $\mathbb {Q} /\mathbb {Z}$, that is $\mathbb {Z} [1/p]/\mathbb {Z}$, which is isomorphic to the p-quasicyclic group $\mathbb {Z} (p^{\infty })$, regarded as $\mathbb {Z}$-module. The chain $\langle 1/p\rangle \subset \langle 1/p^{2}\rangle \subset \langle 1/p^{3}\rangle \subset \cdots$ does not terminate, so $\mathbb {Z} (p^{\infty })$ (and therefore $\mathbb {Q} /\mathbb {Z}$) is not Noetherian. Yet every descending chain of (without loss of generality) proper submodules terminates: Each such chain has the form $\langle 1/n_{1}\rangle \supseteq \langle 1/n_{2}\rangle \supseteq \langle 1/n_{3}\rangle \supseteq \cdots$ for some integers $n_{1},n_{2},n_{3},\ldots$, and the inclusion of $\langle 1/n_{i+1}\rangle \subseteq \langle 1/n_{i}\rangle$ implies that $n_{i+1}$ must divide $n_{i}$. So $n_{1},n_{2},n_{3},\ldots$ is a decreasing sequence of positive integers. Thus the sequence terminates, making $\mathbb {Z} (p^{\infty })$ Artinian.

Over a commutative ring, every cyclic Artinian module is also Noetherian, but over noncommutative rings cyclic Artinian modules can have uncountable length as shown in the article of Hartley and summarized nicely in the Paul Cohn article dedicated to Hartley's memory.

See also

• Noetherian module
• Ascending/Descending chain condition
• Composition series
• Krull dimension

References

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  A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
  
  The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
  
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  My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534