Rossby wave

30 year-old Entertainer or Range Artist Wesley from Drumheller, really loves vehicle, property developers properties for sale in singapore singapore and horse racing. Finds inspiration by traveling to Works of Antoni Gaudí. Electron cyclotron resonance is a phenomenon observed in plasma physics, condensed matter physics, and accelerator physics. An electron in a static and uniform magnetic field will move in a circle due to the Lorentz force. The circular motion may be superimposed with a uniform axial motion, resulting in a helix, or with a uniform motion perpendicular to the field, e.g., in the presence of an electrical or gravitational field, resulting in a cycloid. The angular frequency (ω = 2πf ) of this cyclotron motion for a given magnetic field strength B is given (in SI units) by

${\omega }_{ce}=\frac{eB}{m}$.

where $e$ is the elementary charge and $m$ is the mass of the electron. For the commonly used microwave frequency 2.45 GHz and the bare electron charge and mass, the resonance condition is met when B = 875 G = 0.0875 T. For particles of charge q, rest mass m₀ moving at relativistic speeds v, the formula needs to be adjusted according to the special theory of relativity to:

${\omega }_{ce}=\frac{qB}{\gamma \cdot m_0}$

where

$\gamma =\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-(v/c{)}^2}}$.

In plasma physics

An ionized plasma may be efficiently produced or heated by superimposing a static magnetic field and a high-frequency electromagnetic field at the electron cyclotron resonance frequency. In the toroidal magnetic fields used in magnetic fusion energy research, the magnetic field decreases with the major radius, so the location of the power deposition can be controlled within about a centimeter. Furthermore, the heating power can be rapidly modulated and is deposited directly into the electrons. These properties make electron cyclotron heating a very valuable research tool for energy transport studies. In addition to heating, electron cyclotron waves can be used to drive current. The inverse process of electron cyclotron emission can be used as a diagnostic of the radial electron temperature profile.

ECR ion sources

Since the early 1980s, following the award-winning pioneering work done by Dr. Richard Geller, Dr. Claude Lyneis, and Dr. H. Postma; respectively from French Atomic Energy Commission, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, the use of electron cyclotron resonance for efficient plasma generation, especially to obtain large numbers of multiply charged ions, has acquired a unique importance in various technological fields. Many diverse activities depend on electron cyclotron resonance technology, including

• advanced cancer treatment, where ECR ion sources are crucial for proton therapy,
• advanced semiconductor manufacturing, especially for high density DRAM memories, through plasma etching or other plasma processing technologies,
• electric propulsion devices for spacecraft propulsion, where a broad range of devices (HiPEP, some ion thrusters, or electrodeless plasma thrusters),
• for particle accelerators, on-line mass separation and radioactive ion charge breeding,
• and, as a more mundane example, painting of plastic bumpers for cars.

The ECR ion source makes use of the electron cyclotron resonance to ionize a plasma. Microwaves are injected into a volume, at the frequency corresponding to the electron cyclotron resonance defined by a magnetic field applied to a region inside the volume. The volume contains a low pressure gas. The alternating electric field of the microwaves being synchronous with the gyration period of the free electrons of the gas, it increases their perpendicular kinetic energy. When in turn the energized free electrons collide with the atoms or molecules of the gas in the volume and cause ionization, if their kinetic energy is larger than the molecule or atom ionization energy. The ions produced correspond to the gas type used. The gas may be pure, a compound gas, or can be a vapor of a solid or liquid material.

ECR ion sources are able to produce singly charged ions with high intensities (e.g. H⁺ and D⁺ ions of more than 100 mA (electrical) in DC mode using a 2.45 GHz ECR ion source).

For multiply charged ions, the ECR ion source has the advantage that it is able to confine the ions for long enough for multiple collisions to take place (leading to multiple ionization) and that the low gas pressure in the source avoids recombination. The VENUS ECR ion source at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory has produced in intensity of 0.25 mA (electrical) of Bi²⁹⁺.

Some of these industrial fields would not even exist without the use of this fundamental technology, which makes electron cyclotron resonance ion and plasma sources one of the enabling technologies of today's world.

In condensed matter physics

Within a solid the mass in the cyclotron frequency equation above is replaced with the effective mass tensor $\Vert \begin{array}{c}{m}^{*}\end{array}\Vert$. Cyclotron resonance is therefore a useful technique to measure effective mass and Fermi surface cross-section in solids. In a sufficiently high magnetic field at low temperature in a relatively pure material

$\begin{array}{c}{\omega }_{ce}>1/\tau \\ \hslash {\omega }_{ce}>k_{B}T\\ \end{array}$

where $\tau$ is the carrier scattering lifetime, $k_B$ is Boltzmann's constant and $T$ is temperature. When these conditions are satisfied, an electron will complete its cyclotron orbit without engaging in a collision, at which point it is said to be in a well-defined Landau level.

See also

• Cyclotron resonance
• Cyclotron
• ARC-ECRIS
• Ion cyclotron resonance
• Synchrotron
• Gyrotron
• De Haas-van Alphen effect

References

43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.

Further reading

• "Personal Reminiscences of Cyclotron Resonance," G. Dresselhaus, Proceedings of ICPS-27 (2004). This paper describes the early history of cyclotron resonance in its heyday as a band structure determination technique.