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Template:SpecialChars
The following table lists many specialized symbols commonly used in mathematics, ordered by their introduction date.
Symbol
|
Name | Date of earliest use | First author to use |
|---|---|---|---|
+
|
plus sign | ca. 1360 (abbreviation for Latin et resembling the plus sign) | Nicole Oresme |
−
|
minus sign | 1489 (first appearance of minus sign, and also first appearance of plus sign in print) | Johannes Widmann |
√
|
radical symbol (for square root) | 1525 (without the vinculum above the radicand) | Christoff Rudolff |
(…)
|
parentheses (for precedence grouping) | 1544 (in handwritten notes) | Michael Stifel |
| 1556 | Nicolo Tartaglia | ||
=
|
equals sign | 1557 | Robert Recorde |
×
|
multiplication sign | 1618 | William Oughtred |
±
|
plus-minus sign | 1628 | |
∷
|
proportion sign | ||
n√
|
radical symbol (for nth root) | 1629 | Albert Girard |
<
> |
strict inequality signs (less-than sign and greater-than sign) | 1631 | Thomas Harriot |
xy
|
superscript notation (for exponentiation) | 1636 (using Roman numerals as superscripts) | James Hume |
| 1637 (in the modern form) | René Descartes | ||
√ ̅
|
radical symbol (for square root) | 1637 (with the vinculum above the radicand) | René Descartes |
%
|
percent sign | ca. 1650 | unknown |
÷
|
division sign (a.k.a. obelus) | 1659 | Johann Rahn |
∞
|
infinity sign | 1655 | John Wallis |
≤
≥ |
unstrict inequality signs (less-than or equals to sign and greater-than or equals to sign) | 1670 (with the horizontal bar over the inequality sign, rather than below it) | |
| 1734 (with double horizontal bar below the inequality sign) | Pierre Bouguer | ||
d
|
differential sign | 1675 | Gottfried Leibniz |
∫
|
integral sign | ||
:
|
colon (for division) | 1684 (deriving from use of colon to denote fractions, dating back to 1633) | |
·
|
middle dot (for multiplication) | 1698 (perhaps deriving from a much earlier use of middle dot to separate juxtaposed numbers) | |
⁄
|
division slash (a.k.a. solidus) | 1718 (deriving from horizontal fraction bar, invented by Arabs in 12th century) | Thomas Twining |
≠
|
inequality sign (not equal to) | unknown | Leonhard Euler |
∑
|
summation symbol | 1755 | |
∝
|
proportionality sign | 1768 | William Emerson |
∂
|
partial differential sign (a.k.a. curly d or Jacobi's delta) | 1770 | Marquis de Condorcet |
x′
|
prime symbol (for derivative) | Joseph Louis Lagrange | |
≡
|
identity sign (for congruence relation) | 1801 (first appearance in print; used previously in personal writings of Gauss) | Carl Friedrich Gauss |
[x]
|
integral part (a.k.a. floor) | 1808 | |
∏
|
product symbol | 1812 | |
!
|
factorial | 1808 | Christian Kramp |
⊂
⊃ |
set inclusion signs (subset of, superset of) | 1817 | Joseph Gergonne |
| 1890 | Ernst Schröder | ||
|…|
|
absolute value notation | 1841 | Karl Weierstrass |
| determinant of a matrix | Arthur Cayley | ||
‖…‖
|
matrices notation | 1843 | |
∇
|
nabla symbol (for vector differential) | 1846 (previously used by Hamilton as a general-purpose operator sign) | William Rowan Hamilton |
∩
∪ |
intersection and union signs | 1888 | Giuseppe Peano |
∈
|
membership sign (is an element of) | 1894 | |
∃
|
existential quantifier (there exists) | 1897 | |
ℵ
|
aleph symbol (for cardinal numbers of transfinite sets) | 1893 | Georg Cantor |
{…}
|
braces, a.k.a. curly brackets (for set notation) | 1895 | |
ℕ
|
Blackboard bold capital N (for natural numbers set) | Giuseppe Peano | |
·
|
middle dot (for dot product) | 1902 | J. Willard Gibbs? |
×
|
multiplication sign (for cross product) | ||
∨
|
logical disjunction (a.k.a. OR) | 1906 | Bertrand Russell |
(…)
|
matrices notation | 1909 | Gerhard Kowalewski |
[…]
|
1913 | Cuthbert Edmund Cullis | |
∮
|
contour integral sign | 1917 | Arnold Sommerfeld |
ℤ
|
Blackboard bold capital Z (for integer numbers set) | 1930 | Edmund Landau |
| 1930s | Commonly accredited to: Nicolas Bourbaki Potter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park. | ||
ℚ
|
Blackboard bold capital Q (for rational numbers set) | ||
∀
|
universal quantifier (for all) | 1935 | Gerhard Gentzen |
∅
|
empty set sign | 1939 | André Weil / Nicolas Bourbaki Potter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park. |
ℂ
|
Blackboard bold capital C (for complex numbers set) | Nathan Jacobson | |
→
|
arrow (for function notation) | 1936 (to denote images of specific elements) | Øystein Ore |
| 1940 (in the present form of f: X → Y) | Witold Hurewicz | ||
⌊x⌋
|
integral part (a.k.a. floor) | 1962 | Kenneth E. Iverson |
∎
|
end of proof sign (a.k.a. tombstone) | unknown | Paul Halmos |
See also
- History of mathematical notation
- History of the Hindu-Arabic numeral system
- Table of mathematical symbols