Longest element of a Coxeter group

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Not to be confused with Silver Machines.

In set theory, Silver machines are devices used for bypassing the use of fine structure in proofs of statements holding in L. They were invented by set theorist Jack Silver as a means of proving global square holds in the constructible universe.

Preliminaries

An ordinal $\alpha$ is *definable from a class of ordinals X if and only if there is a formula $\varphi ({\mu }_0,{\mu }_1,\dots ,{\mu }_n)$ and $\mathrm{\exists }{\beta }_1,\dots ,{\beta }_n,\gamma \in X$ such that $\alpha$ is the unique ordinal for which ${\models }_{L_{\gamma }}\varphi ({\alpha }^{\circ },{\beta }_1^{\circ },\dots ,{\beta }_n^{\circ })$ where for all $\alpha$ we define ${\alpha }^{\circ }$ to be the name for $\alpha$ within $L_{\gamma }$.

A structure $⟨X,<,(h_i{)}_{i<\omega }⟩$ is eligible if and only if:

1. $X\subseteq On$.
2. < is the ordering on On restricted to X.
3. $\mathrm{\forall }i,h_i$ is a partial function from $X^{k(i)}$ to X, for some integer k(i).

If $N=⟨X,<,(h_i{)}_{i<\omega }⟩$ is an eligible structure then $N_{\lambda }$ is defined to be as before but with all occurrences of X replaced with $X\cap \lambda$.

Let $N^1,N^2$ be two eligible structures which have the same function k. Then we say $N^1◃N^2$ if $\mathrm{\forall }i\in \omega$ and $\mathrm{\forall }{x}_1,\dots ,x_{k(i)}\in X^1$ we have:

$h_i^1(x_1,\dots ,x_{k(i)})\cong h_i^2(x_1,\dots ,x_{k(i)})$

Silver machine

A Silver machine is an eligible structure of the form $M=⟨On,<,(h_i{)}_{i<\omega }⟩$ which satisfies the following conditions:

Condensation principle. If $N◃M_{\lambda }$ then there is an $\alpha$ such that $N\cong M_{\alpha }$.

Finiteness principle. For each $\lambda$ there is a finite set $H\subseteq \lambda$ such that for any set $A\subseteq \lambda +1$ we have

$M_{\lambda +1}[A]\subseteq M_{\lambda }[(A\cap \lambda )\cup H]\cup \{\lambda \}$

Skolem property. If $\alpha$ is *definable from the set $X\subseteq On$, then $\alpha \in M[X]$; moreover there is an ordinal $\lambda <[sup(X)\cup \alpha {]}^{+}$, uniformly ${\mathrm{\Sigma }}_1$ definable from $X\cup \{\alpha \}$, such that $\alpha \in M_{\lambda }[X]$.

References

• 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
  
  My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - Please note that errors have been found in some results in this book concerning Kripke Platek set theory.