Fredholm kernel

In mathematics, there are usually many different ways to construct a topological tensor product of two topological vector spaces. For Hilbert spaces or nuclear spaces there is a simple well-behaved theory of tensor products (see Tensor product of Hilbert spaces), but for general Banach spaces or locally convex topological vector space the theory is notoriously subtle.

Tensor products of Hilbert spaces

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The algebraic tensor product of two Hilbert spaces A and B has a natural positive definite sesquilinear form (scalar product) induced by the sesquilinear forms of A and B. So in particular it has a natural positive definite quadratic form, and the corresponding completion is a Hilbert space A⊗B, called the (Hilbert space) tensor product of A and B.

If the vectors a_i and b_j run through orthonormal bases of A and B, then the vectors a_i⊗b_j form an orthonormal basis of A⊗B.

Cross norms and tensor products of Banach spaces

We shall use the notation from Template:Harv in this section. The obvious way to define the tensor product of two Banach spaces A and B is to copy the method for Hilbert spaces: define a norm on the algebraic tensor product, then take the completion in this norm. The problem is that there is more than one natural way to define a norm on the tensor product.

If A and B are Banach spaces the algebraic tensor product of A and B means the tensor product of A and B as vector spaces and is denoted by $A\otimes B$. The algebraic tensor product $A\otimes B$ consists of all finite sums

$x=\sum _{i=1}^n{a}_i\otimes b_i$

where $n$ is a natural number depending on $x$ and $a_i\in A$ and $b_i\in B$ for $i=1,\dots ,n$.

When A and B are Banach spaces, a cross norm p on the algebraic tensor product $A\otimes B$ is a norm satisfying the conditions

$p(a\otimes b)=\Vert a\Vert \Vert b\Vert$

$p^{\prime }(a^{\prime }\otimes b^{\prime })=\Vert a^{\prime }\Vert \Vert b^{\prime }\Vert .$

Here a′ and b′ are in the topological dual spaces of A and B, respectively, and p′ is the dual norm of p. The term reasonable crossnorm is also used for the definition above.

There is a largest cross norm $\pi$ called the projective cross norm, given by

$\pi (x)=\inf \{\sum _{i=1}^n\Vert a_i\Vert \Vert b_i\Vert :x=\sum _i{a}_i\otimes b_i\}$

where $x\in A\otimes B$.

There is a smallest cross norm $\epsilon$ called the injective cross norm, given by

$\epsilon (x)=\sup \{|(a^{\prime }\otimes b^{\prime })(x)|:a^{\prime }\in A^{\prime },b^{\prime }\in B^{\prime },\Vert a^{\prime }\Vert =\Vert b^{\prime }\Vert =1\}$

where $x\in A\otimes B$. Here A′ and B′ mean the topological duals of A and B, respectively.

The completions of the algebraic tensor product in these two norms are called the projective and injective tensor products, and are denoted by $A{\hat{\otimes }}_{\pi }B$ and $A{\hat{\otimes }}_{\epsilon }B$.

The norm used for the Hilbert space tensor product is not equal to either of these norms in general. Some authors denote it by σ, so the Hilbert space tensor product in the section above would be $A{\hat{\otimes }}_{\sigma }B$.

A uniform crossnorm α is an assignment to each pair $(X,Y)$ of Banach spaces of a reasonable crossnorm on $X\otimes Y$ so that if $X$, $W$, $Y$, $Z$ are arbitrary Banach spaces then for all (continuous linear) operators $S:X\to W$ and $T:Y\to Z$ the operator $S\otimes T:X{\otimes }_{\alpha }Y\to W{\otimes }_{\alpha }Z$ is continuous and $\Vert S\otimes T\Vert \le \Vert S\Vert \Vert T\Vert$. If A and B are two Banach spaces and α is a uniform cross norm then α defines a reasonable cross norm on the algebraic tensor product $A\otimes B$. The normed linear space obtained by equipping $A\otimes B$ with that norm is denoted by $A{\otimes }_{\alpha }B$. The completion of $A{\otimes }_{\alpha }B$, which is a Banach space, is denoted by $A{\hat{\otimes }}_{\alpha }B$. The value of the norm given by α on $A\otimes B$ and on the completed tensor product $A{\hat{\otimes }}_{\alpha }B$ for an element x in $A{\hat{\otimes }}_{\alpha }B$ (or $A{\otimes }_{\alpha }B$) is denoted by ${\alpha }_{A,B}(x)$ or $\alpha (x)$.

A uniform crossnorm $\alpha$ is said to be finitely generated if, for every pair $(X,Y)$ of Banach spaces and every $u\in X\otimes Y$,

$\alpha (u;X\otimes Y)=\inf \{\alpha (u;M\otimes N):\dim M,\dim N<\mathrm{\infty }\}.$

A uniform crossnorm $\alpha$ is cofinitely generated if, for every pair $(X,Y)$ of Banach spaces and every $u\in X\otimes Y$,

$\alpha (u)=\sup \{\alpha ((Q_E\otimes Q_F)u;(X/E)\otimes (Y/F)):\dim X/E,\dim Y/F<\mathrm{\infty }\}.$

A tensor norm is defined to be a finitely generated uniform crossnorm. The projective cross norm $\pi$ and the injective cross norm $\epsilon$ defined above are tensor norms and they are called the projective tensor norm and the injective tensor norm, respectively.

If A and B are arbitrary Banach spaces and α is an arbitrary uniform cross norm then

${\epsilon }_{A,B}(x)\le {\alpha }_{A,B}(x)\le {\pi }_{A,B}(x).$

Tensor products of locally convex topological vector spaces

The topologies of locally convex topological vector spaces A and B are given by families of seminorms. For each choice of seminorm on A and on B we can define the corresponding family of cross norms on the algebraic tensor product A⊗B, and by choosing one cross norm from each family we get some cross norms on A⊗B, defining a topology. There are in general an enormous number of ways to do this. The two most important ways are to take all the projective cross norms, or all the injective cross norms. The completions of the resulting topologies on A⊗B are called the projective and injective tensor products, and denoted by A⊗_γB and A⊗_λB. There is a natural map from A⊗_γB to A⊗_λB.

If A or B is a nuclear space then the natural map from A⊗_γB to A⊗_λB is an isomorphism. Roughly speaking, this means that if A or B is nuclear, then there is only one sensible tensor product of A and B. This property characterizes nuclear spaces.

See also

• Hilbert space, Banach space, Fréchet space, locally convex topological vector space, Nuclear space
• Tensor product of Hilbert spaces
• Fredholm kernel
• Projective topology

References

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