Entropy in thermodynamics and information theory

In mathematics, more specifically in the field of ring theory, a ring has the invariant basis number (IBN) property if all finitely generated free left modules over R have a well-defined rank. In the case of fields, the IBN property becomes the statement that finite dimensional vector spaces have a unique dimension.

Definition

A ring R has invariant basis number (IBN) if for all positive integers m and n, R^m isomorphic to Rⁿ (as left R-modules) implies that m = n.

Equivalently, this means there do not exist distinct positive integers m and n such that R^m is isomorphic to Rⁿ.

Rephrasing the definition of invariant basis number in terms of matrices, it says that, whenever A is an m by n matrix over R and B is an n by m matrix over R such that AB=1 and BA=1, then m=n. This form reveals that the definition is left-right symmetric, so it makes no difference whether we define IBN in terms of left or right modules; the two definitions are equivalent.

Note that the isomorphisms in the definitions are not ring isomorphisms, they are module isomorphisms.

Discussion

The main purpose of the invariant basis number condition is that free modules over an IBN ring satisfy an analogue of the dimension theorem for vector spaces: any two bases for a free module over an IBN ring have the same cardinality. Assuming the ultrafilter lemma (a strictly weaker form of the axiom of choice), this result is actually equivalent to the definition given here, and can be taken as an alternative definition.

The rank of a free module Rⁿ over an IBN ring R is defined to be the cardinality of the exponent m of any (and therefore every) R-module R^m isomorphic to Rⁿ. Thus the IBN property asserts that every isomorphism class of free R-modules has a unique rank. The rank is not defined for rings not satisfying IBN. For vector spaces, the rank is also called the dimension. Thus the result above is in short: the rank is uniquely defined for all free R-modules iff it is uniquely defined for finitely generated free R-modules.

Examples

Any field satisfies IBN, and this amounts to the fact that finite dimensional vector spaces have a well defined dimension. Moreover, any commutative ring (except in the trivial case where 1 = 0) satisfies IBN, as does any left-Noetherian ring and any semilocal ring.

An example of a ring that does not satisfy IBN is the ring of column finite matrices ${\mathbb{ℂ}\mathbb{𝔽}\mathbb{𝕄}}_{\mathbb{\mathbb{N}}}(R)$, the matrices with coefficients in a ring R, with entries indexed by $\mathbb{\mathbb{N}}\times \mathbb{\mathbb{N}}$ and with each column having only finitely many non-zero entries. That last requirement allows us to define the product of infinite matrices MN, giving the ring structure. A left module isomorphism ${\mathbb{ℂ}\mathbb{𝔽}\mathbb{𝕄}}_{\mathbb{\mathbb{N}}}(R)\cong {\mathbb{ℂ}\mathbb{𝔽}\mathbb{𝕄}}_{\mathbb{\mathbb{N}}}(R{)}^2$ is given by:

$\begin{array}{rcl}\psi :{\mathbb{ℂ}\mathbb{𝔽}\mathbb{𝕄}}_{\mathbb{\mathbb{N}}}(R)& \to & {\mathbb{ℂ}\mathbb{𝔽}\mathbb{𝕄}}_{\mathbb{\mathbb{N}}}(R{)}^2\\ M& \mapsto & (\text{odd columns of }M,\text{ even columns of }M)\end{array}$

This infinite matrix ring turns out to be isomorphic to the endomorphisms of a right free module over R of countable rank, which is found on page 190 of Template:Harv.

From this isomorphism, it is possible to show (abbreviating ${\mathbb{ℂ}\mathbb{𝔽}\mathbb{𝕄}}_{\mathbb{\mathbb{N}}}(R)=S$) that S≅Sⁿ for any positive integer n, and hence Sⁿ≅S^m for any two positive integers m and n. There are other examples of non-IBN rings without this property, among them Leavitt algebras as seen in Template:Harv.

Other results

IBN is a necessary (but not sufficient) condition for a ring with no zero divisors to be embeddable in a division ring (confer field of fractions in the commutative case). See also the Ore condition.

References

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Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

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