Mixing (mathematics)

In mathematics and signal processing, the advanced Z-transform is an extension of the Z-transform, to incorporate ideal delays that are not multiples of the sampling time. It takes the form

$F(z,m)=\sum _{k=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}f(kT+m)z^{-k}$

where

• T is the sampling period
• m (the "delay parameter") is a fraction of the sampling period $[0,T).$

It is also known as the modified Z-transform.

The advanced Z-transform is widely applied, for example to accurately model processing delays in digital control.

Properties

If the delay parameter, m, is considered fixed then all the properties of the Z-transform hold for the advanced Z-transform.

Linearity

$\mathcal{𝒵}\{\sum _{k=1}^n{c}_k{f}_k(t)\}=\sum _{k=1}^n{c}_{k}F(z,m).$

Time shift

$\mathcal{𝒵}\{u(t-nT)f(t-nT)\}=z^{-n}F(z,m).$

Damping

$\mathcal{𝒵}\{f(t)e^{-at}\}=e^{-am}F(e^{aT}z,m).$

Time multiplication

$\mathcal{𝒵}\{t^{y}f(t)\}={(-Tz\frac{d}{dz}+m)}^{y}F(z,m).$

Final value theorem

$\underset{k\to \mathrm{\infty }}{\lim }f(kT+m)=\underset{z\to 1}{\lim }(1-z^{-1})F(z,m).$

Example

Consider the following example where $f(t)=\cos (\omega t)$

$\begin{array}{rl}F(z,m)=& \mathcal{𝒵}\{\cos \left(\omega (kT+m)\right)\}\\ =& \mathcal{𝒵}\{\cos (\omega kT)\cos (\omega m)-\sin (\omega kT)\sin (\omega m)\}\\ =& \cos (\omega m)\mathcal{𝒵}\{\cos (\omega kT)\}-\sin (\omega m)\mathcal{𝒵}\{\sin (\omega kT)\}\\ =& \cos (\omega m)\frac{z(z-\cos (\omega T))}{z^2-2z\cos (\omega T)+1}-\sin (\omega m)\frac{z\sin (\omega T)}{z^2-2z\cos (\omega T)+1}\\ =& \frac{z^2\cos (\omega m)-z\cos (\omega (T-m))}{z^2-2z\cos (\omega T)+1}\end{array}$.

If $m=0$ then $F(z,m)$ reduces to the Z-transform

$F(z,0)=\frac{z^2-z\cos (\omega T)}{z^2-2z\cos (\omega T)+1}$

which is clearly just the Z-transform of $f(t).$

See also

• Z-transform

Bibliography

• Eliahu Ibraham Jury, Theory and Application of the Z-Transform Method, Krieger Pub Co, 1973. ISBN 0-88275-122-0.