Smith normal form

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The token bucket is an algorithm used in packet switched computer networks and telecommunications networks. It can be used to check that data transmissions, in the form of packets, conform to defined limits on bandwidth and burstiness (a measure of the unevenness or variations in the traffic flow). It can also be used as a scheduling algorithm to determine the timing of transmissions that will comply with the limits set for the bandwidth and burstiness: see network scheduler.

Overview

The token bucket algorithm is based on an analogy of a fixed capacity bucket into which tokens, normally representing a unit of bytes or a single packet of predetermined size, are added at a fixed rate. When a packet is to be checked for conformance to the defined limits, the bucket is inspected to see if it contains sufficient tokens at that time. If so, the appropriate number of tokens, e.g. equivalent to the length of the packet in bytes, are removed ("cashed in"), and the packet is passed, e.g., for transmission. If there are insufficient tokens in the bucket the packet does not conform and the contents of the bucket are not changed. Non-conformant packets can be treated in various ways:

  • They may be dropped.
  • They may be enqueued for subsequent transmission when sufficient tokens have accumulated in the bucket.
  • They may be transmitted, but marked as being non-conformant, possibly to be dropped subsequently if the network is overloaded.

A conforming flow can thus contain traffic with an average rate up to the rate at which tokens are added to the bucket, and have a burstiness determined by the depth of the bucket. This burstiness may be expressed in terms of either a jitter tolerance, i.e. how much sooner a packet might conform (e.g. arrive or be transmitted) than would be expected from the limit on the average rate, or a burst tolerance or maximum burst size, i.e. how much more than the average level of traffic might conform in some finite period.

Algorithm

The token bucket algorithm can be conceptually understood as follows:

  • A token is added to the bucket every 1/r seconds.
  • The bucket can hold at the most b tokens. If a token arrives when the bucket is full, it is discarded.
  • When a packet (network layer PDU) of n bytes arrives, n tokens are removed from the bucket, and the packet is sent to the network.
  • If fewer than n tokens are available, no tokens are removed from the bucket, and the packet is considered to be non-conformant.

Variations

Implementers of this algorithm on platforms lacking the clock resolution necessary to add a single token to the bucket every 1/r seconds may want to consider an alternative formulation. Given the ability to update the token bucket every S milliseconds, the number of tokens to add every S milliseconds = (r*S)/1000.

Properties

Average rate

Over the long run the output of conformant packets is limited by the token rate, r.

Burst size

Let M be the maximum possible transmission rate in bytes/second.

Then Tmax={b/(M−r) if r<M∞ otherwise  is the maximum burst time, that is the time for which the rate M is fully utilized.

The maximum burst size is thus Lmax=Tmax*M

Uses

The token bucket can be used in either traffic shaping or traffic policing. In traffic policing, nonconforming packets may be discarded (dropped) or may be reduced in priority (for downstream traffic management functions to drop if there is congestion). In traffic shaping, packets are delayed until they conform. Traffic policing and traffic shaping are commonly used to protect the network against excess or excessively bursty traffic, see bandwidth management and congestion avoidance. Traffic shaping is commonly used in the network interfaces in hosts to prevent transmissions being discarded by traffic management functions in the network.

Comparison to leaky bucket

The token bucket algorithm is directly comparable to one of the two versions of the leaky bucket algorithm described in the literature.[1][2][3][4] This comparable version of the leaky bucket is described on the relevant Wikipedia page as the leaky bucket algorithm as a meter. This is a mirror image of the token bucket, in that conforming packets add fluid, equivalent to the tokens removed by a conforming packet in the token bucket algorithm, to a finite capacity bucket, from which this fluid then drains away at a constant rate, equivalent to the process in which tokens are added at a fixed rate.

There is, however, another version of the leaky bucket algorithm,[2] described on the relevant Wikipedia page as the leaky bucket algorithm as a queue. This is a special case of the leaky bucket as a meter, which can be described by the conforming packets passing through the bucket. The leaky bucket as a queue is therefore applicable only to traffic shaping, and does not, in general, allow the output packet stream to be bursty, i.e. it is jitter free. It is therefore significantly different from the token bucket algorithm.

These two versions of the leaky bucket algorithm have both been described in the literature under the same name. This has led to considerable confusion over the properties of that algorithm and its comparison with the token bucket algorithm. However, fundamentally, the two algorithms are the same, and will, if implemented correctly and given the same parameters, see exactly the same packets as conforming and nonconforming.

Hierarchical token bucket

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The Hierarchical Token Bucket (HTB) is a faster replacement for the class-based queueing (CBQ) queuing discipline in Linux.[5]

HTBs help in controlling the use of the outbound bandwidth on a given link. HTB allows using one single physical link to simulate multiple slower links and to send different kinds of traffic on different simulated links. In both cases, one has to specify how to divide the physical link into simulated links and how to decide which simulated link a given packet is to be sent across.

In other words, HTB is very useful to limit a client's download/upload rate. Thus, the limited client cannot saturate the total bandwidth.

See also

References

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Further reading

  1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Turner
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Tanenbaum-lbaq
  3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ATMF-GCRA
  4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ITU-T-GCRA
  5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Linux_HTB
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