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{{Distinguish|antimatter}}
In [[physics]], '''mirror matter''', also called '''shadow matter''' or '''Alice matter''', is a hypothetical counterpart to ordinary matter.
Modern physics deals with three basic types of spatial [[symmetry]]: reflection, rotation and translation. The known elementary particles respect rotation and translation symmetry but do not respect [[P-symmetry|mirror reflection symmetry]] (also called P-symmetry or parity). Of the four fundamental interactions—[[electromagnetism]], the [[strong interaction]], the [[weak interaction]], and [[gravitation|gravity]]—only the weak interaction breaks parity.


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I hope that was just a fit of pique. �<br>This came back the next morning, when he�d arrived at work. I love you and no one else. I have to work now, but I�ll see you tonight, as usual. My life is an open book to you.<br><br>Isobel and Dawn are in situ already, chilling the wine. Lots of books on Kindle. My Accessorize pink bikini. Wow, are we going to whip up some copy! What about the wedding proposal on the Pampelonne beach and me and Dawn can scatter white rose petals. Xxx� <br>The thing is, I�m not even sure David is still coming� Packing in tissue paper tonight: The Row sunglasses. My Dries negligee dress. Isobel has just sent me a message�<br>�The cast of Liz Jones�s Diary are off to the South of France. 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Unless you�re the size of a Weight Watchers �before� picture, there�s only one reason for this to exist - a �group selfie� (ie, a group shot where one of you holds the camera) - hence �groufie�. Huawei is so proud of the word the company trademarked it in several countries to mark the launch of the P7.<br><br>In case you�re wondering what Huawei is, it�s one of those Chinese companies that only recently began hawking smartphones in the West, and shifts so many phones in the Far East it�s the third biggest phone company on Earth.<br><br>Upstage selfie-toting friends by turning you and your pals into a real 3D-model (warning: there�s a fair bit of work involved), ready to print off. The app �walks� you round anything to capture it in 3D - now all you need is a few hundred quid for a 3D printer.<br><br>Huawei�s invention of the g-word, and the [http://en.search.wordpress.com/?q=panoramic+software panoramic software] to make it a reality, is down to a feeling that the endless Twitter parade of selfies (both [http://Data.Gov.uk/data/search?q=celebrity celebrity] and human), might be improved with a bit of context. 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Parity violation in weak interactions was first postulated by [[Tsung Dao Lee]] and [[Chen Ning Yang]]<ref name="lee">T. D. Lee and C. N. Yang, ''Question of Parity Conservation in Weak Interactions'', Phys. Rev. '''104''', 254&ndash;258 (1956) [http://link.aps.org/abstract/PR/v104/p254 article], Erratum ibid '''106''', 1371 (1957) [http://link.aps.org/abstract/PR/v106/p1371 Erratum]</ref> in 1956 as a solution to the [[Kaon#Parity violation|τ-θ puzzle]]. They suggested a number of experiments to test if the weak interaction is invariant under parity. These experiments were performed half a year later and they confirmed that the weak interactions of the known particles violate parity.<ref name="wu">C. S. Wu, E. Ambler, R. W. Hayward, D. D. Hopes and R. R. Hudson, ''Experimental test of parity conservation in beta decay'',  Phys. Rev. '''105''', 1413 (1957).</ref><ref>R. L. Garwin, L.M. Lederman and M. Weinrich, ''Observations of the failure of conservation of parity and charge conjugation in meson decays: The magnetic moment of the free muon'', Phys. Rev. '''105''', 1415 (1957).</ref><ref>J. J. Friedman and V. L. Telegdi, ''Nuclear emulsion evidence for parity nonconservation in the decay chain <math>\pi^{+}\rightarrow\mu^{+}\rightarrow e^{+}</math>'', Phys. Rev. '''105''', 1681 (1957).</ref>
 
However parity symmetry can be restored as a fundamental symmetry of nature if the particle content is enlarged
so that every particle has a mirror partner. The theory in its modern form was written down in 1991,<ref name="foot">R. Foot, H. Lew and R. R. Volkas, ''A model with fundamental improper space-time symmetries'', Physics Letters B272, 67 (1991)</ref> although the basic idea dates back further.<ref name="lee"/><ref name="kob">I. Kobzarev, L. Okun and I. Pomeranchuk, ''On the possibility of observing mirror particles'', Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. '''3''', 837 (1966).</ref><ref name="pav">M. Pavsic, ''External Inversion, Internal Inversion, and Reflection Invariance'', Int. J. Theor. Phys. '''9''', 229-244 (1974) [http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0105344 preprint].</ref> Mirror particles interact amongst themselves in the same way as ordinary particles, except where ordinary particles have left-handed interactions, mirror particles have right-handed interactions. In this way, it turns out that mirror reflection symmetry can exist as an exact symmetry of nature, provided that a "mirror" particle exists for every ordinary particle. Parity can also be spontaneously broken depending on the [[Higgs potential]].<ref name="ber">Z. Berezhiani and R. N. Mohapatra, ''Reconciling Present Neutrino Puzzles: Sterile Neutrinos as Mirror Neutrinos'', Phys. Rev. D '''52''', 6607-6611 (1995) [http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/9505385 preprint].</ref><ref name="flv">R. Foot, H. Lew and R. R. Volkas, ''Unbroken versus broken mirror world: a tale of two vacua'', JHEP '''0007''', 032 (2000) [http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0006027 preprint].</ref> While in the case of unbroken parity symmetry the masses of particles are the same as their mirror partners, in case of broken parity symmetry the mirror partners are lighter or heavier.
 
Mirror matter, if it exists, would have to be very weakly interacting with ordinary matter. This is because the forces between mirror particles are mediated by mirror [[boson]]s. With the exception of the [[graviton]], none of the known bosons can be identical to their mirror partners. The only way mirror matter can interact with ordinary matter via forces other than gravity is via so-called ''kinetic mixing'' of mirror bosons with ordinary bosons or via the exchange of [[Holdom particle]]s.<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A1164052</ref> These interactions can only be very weak. Mirror particles have therefore been suggested as candidates for the inferred [[dark matter]] in the universe.<ref name="blin1">S. I. Blinnikov and M. Yu. Khlopov, ''On possible effects of 'mirror' particles'', Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. '''36''', 472 (1982).</ref><ref name="blin2">S. I. Blinnikov and M. Yu. Khlopov, ''Possible astronomical effects of mirror particles'', Sov. Astron. '''27''', 371-375 (1983).</ref><ref name="kolb">E. W. Kolb, M. Seckel and M. S. Turner, ''The shadow world of superstring theories'', Nature '''314''', 415-419 (1985). {{doi|10.1038/314415a0}}</ref><ref name="khlp">M. Yu. Khlopov, G. M. Beskin, N. E. Bochkarev, L. A. Pushtilnik and S. A. Pushtilnik, ''observational physics of mirror world'', Astron. Zh. Akad. Nauk SSSR '''68''', 42-57 (1991) [http://lss.fnal.gov/archive/test-preprint/fermilab-pub-89-193-a.shtml preprint].</ref><ref name="hodg">H. M. Hodges, ''Mirror baryons as the dark matter'', Phys. Rev. D '''47''', 456-459 (1993) [http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRD/v47/p456 article].</ref>
 
In another context, mirror matter has been proposed to give rise to an effective [[Higgs mechanism]] responsible for the [[electroweak]] symmetry breaking. In such a scenario, mirror [[fermion]]s have masses on the order of 1 TeV since they interact with an additional interaction, while some of the mirror [[boson]]s are identical to the ordinary gauge [[bosons]]. In order to emphasize the distinction of this model from the ones above, these mirror particles are usually called [[katoptron]]s.<ref name=katoptrons>G. Triantaphyllou, ''Mass generation and the dynamical role of the Katoptron group'', Mod.Phys.Lett.'''A16''':53-62,2001</ref><ref name=katoptrons2>G. Triantaphyllou, G. Zoupanos, ''Strongly interacting fermions from a higher dimensional unified gauge theory'', Phys.Lett.'''B489''':420-426,2000</ref>
 
==Observational effects of mirror matter==
If mirror matter is present in the universe with sufficient abundance then its gravitational effects can be detected. Because mirror matter is analogous to ordinary matter, it is then to be expected that a fraction of the mirror matter exists in the form of mirror galaxies, mirror stars, mirror planets etc. These objects can be detected using gravitational [[microlensing]].<ref name="mohapatra">R. N. Mohapatra and V. L. Teplitz, ''Mirror matter MACHOs.'' Phys. Lett. B, '''462''', 302 - 309 (1999) [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999PhLB..462..302M article].</ref> One would also expect that some fraction of stars have mirror objects as their companion. In such cases one should be able to detect periodic [[Doppler shift]]s in the spectrum of the star.<ref name="khlp"/> There are some hints that such effects may already have been observed.<ref name="foot1">R. Foot, ''Have mirror stars been observed?'', Phys. Lett. B '''452''', 83-86 (1999) [http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9902065 preprint].</ref><ref name="foot2">R. Foot, ''Have mirror planets been observed?'', Phys. Lett. B '''471''', 191-194 (1999) [http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9908276 preprint].</ref>
 
What if mirror matter does exist but has (almost) zero abundance? Like [[magnetic monopole]]s, mirror matter could have been diluted to unobservably low densities during the [[Cosmic inflation|inflation]] epoch. [[Sheldon Lee Glashow|Sheldon Glashow]] has shown that if at some high energy scale particles exist which interact strongly with both ordinary and mirror particles, [[Effective field theory|radiative corrections]] will lead to a mixing between [[photon]]s and [[mirror photon]]s.<ref name="glas">S. L. Glashow, ''Positronium versus the mirror universe'', Phys. Lett. B '''167''', 35-36 (1986) [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(86)90540-X article].</ref> This mixing has the effect of giving mirror electric charges a very small ordinary electric charge. Another effect of photon-mirror photon mixing is that it induces oscillations between [[positronium]] and mirror positronium. Positronium could then turn into mirror positronium and then decay into mirror photons.
 
The mixing between photons and mirror photons could be present in tree level [[Feynman diagram]]s or arise as a consequence of quantum corrections due to the presence of particles that carry both ordinary and mirror charges. In the latter case, the quantum corrections have to vanish at the one and two loop level Feynman diagrams, otherwise the predicted value of the kinetic mixing parameter would be larger than experimentally allowed.<ref name="glas"/>
 
An experiment to measure this effect is currently being planned.<ref name="bad">A. Badertscher ''et al.'', ''An apparatus to search for mirror dark matter via the invisible decay of orthopositronium in vacuum'', Int. J. Mod. Phys. A '''19''', 3833-3848 (2004) [http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ex/0311031 preprint].</ref>
 
If mirror matter does exist in large abundances in the universe and if it interacts with ordinary matter via photon-mirror photon mixing, then this could be detected in dark matter direct detection experiments such as [[DAMA/NaI]] and its successor [[DAMA/LIBRA]]. In fact, it is one of the few dark matter candidates which can explain
the positive DAMA/NaI dark matter signal whilst still being consistent
with the null results of other dark matter experiments.<ref name="foot3">R. Foot, ''Implications of the DAMA and CRESST experiments for mirror matter-type dark matter'', Phys. Rev. D '''69''', 036001 (2004) [http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0308254 preprint].</ref><ref name="foot4">R. Foot, ''Reconciling the positive DAMA annual modulation signal with the negative results of the CDMS II experiment'', Mod. Phys. Lett. A '''19''', 1841-1846 (2004) [http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0405362 preprint].</ref>
Mirror matter may also be detected in electromagnetic field penetration experiments<ref name="mitra">S. Mitra, ''Detecting dark matter in electromagnetic field penetration experiments'', Phys. Rev. D '''74''', 043532 (2006) [http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0605369 preprint].</ref> and there would also be consequences for planetary science<ref name="footm">R. Foot and S. Mitra, ''Mirror matter in the solar system: New evidence for mirror matter from Eros'', Astropart. Phys. '''19''', 739-753 (2003) [http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0211067 preprint].</ref><ref name="footsil">R. Foot and Z.K. Silagadze, ''Do mirror planets exist in our solar system?'' Acta Phys. Polon. B '''32''', 2271-2278 (2001) [http://uk.arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0104251 preprint].</ref> and astrophysics.<ref name="adarp">A. De Angelis and R. Pain, ''Improved limits on photon velocity oscillations'', Mod. Phys. Lett. A '''17''', 2491-2496 (2002) [http://arXiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0205059v1 preprint].</ref>
 
Mirror matter could also be responsible for the [[Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin limit|GZK puzzle]]. [[Topological defect]]s in the mirror sector could produce mirror neutrinos which can oscillate to ordinary neutrinos.<ref name="uhecrtd">V. Berezinsky and A. Vilenkin, ''Ultra high energy neutrinos from hidden-sector topological defects'', Phys. Rev. D '''62''', 083512 (2000) [http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/9908257 preprint].</ref> Another possible way to evade the GZK bound is via neutron–mirror neutron oscillations.<ref name="uhecrn1">Z. Berezhiani and L. Bento, ''Neutron - Mirror Neutron Oscillations: How Fast Might They Be?'', Phys. Rev. Lett. '''96''', 081801 (2006) [http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0507031 preprint].</ref><ref name="uhecrn2">Z. Berezhiani and L. Bento, ''Fast Neutron - Mirror Neutron Oscillation and Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays'', Phys. Lett. B '''635''', 253-259 (2006) [http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0602227 preprint].</ref><ref name="uhecrn3">R. N. Mohapatra, S. Nasri and S. Nussinov, ''Some Implications of Neutron Mirror Neutron Oscillation'', Phys. Lett. B '''627''', 124-130 (2005) [http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0508109 preprint].</ref><ref name="uhecrn4">Yu. N. Pokotilovski, ''On the experimental search for neutron -- mirror neutron oscillations'', Phys. Lett. B '''639''', 214-217 (2006) [http://arxiv.org/abs/nucl-ex/0601017 preprint].</ref>
 
==Alternate terminology==
The phrase "mirror matter" was also introduced by physicist and author Dr. [[Robert L. Forward]] as an alternative term for what is commonly called [[antimatter]], in an attempt to emphasize that antimatter is identical to ordinary matter, except reversed in all possible ways (i.e., CPT).  (Forward was apparently not aware of the use of the word "mirror particles" by Russian physicists to mean parity reversed matter that does not interact strongly with "ordinary" matter).  This is elucidated in his book ''Mirror Matter: Pioneering Antimatter Physics''<ref name="forw">R. L. Forward and J. Davis, 'Mirror Matter: Pioneering Antimatter Physics'' John Wiley & Sons Inc (March 1988); Backinprint.com (2001).</ref> (1988), and his editing the small review journal ''Mirror Matter Newsletter'' (1986–1990).  However, this use of the term "mirror matter" for antimatter was never widely picked up by others and is not currently in common use.
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
 
==External links==
*[http://people.zeelandnet.nl/smitra/mirror.htm A collection of scientific articles on various aspects of mirror matter theory]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A1300429 Mirror matter] article on [[h2g2]]
*{{cite arxiv|author=R. Foot | eprint=astro-ph/0407623 | title = Mirror matter type dark matter}}
*{{cite arxiv|author=L.B. Okun | eprint=hep-ph/0606202 |title=Mirror particles and mirror matter: 50 years of speculation and search}}
*{{cite arxiv|author=Z.K. Silagadze | eprint=hep-ph/0002255 |title=TeV scale gravity, mirror universe, and ... dinosaurs}}
 
{{Dark matter}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mirror Matter}}
[[Category:Particle physics]]
[[Category:Astroparticle physics]]
[[Category:Dark matter]]
[[Category:Hypothetical particles]]

Revision as of 07:32, 22 October 2013

Template:Distinguish In physics, mirror matter, also called shadow matter or Alice matter, is a hypothetical counterpart to ordinary matter. Modern physics deals with three basic types of spatial symmetry: reflection, rotation and translation. The known elementary particles respect rotation and translation symmetry but do not respect mirror reflection symmetry (also called P-symmetry or parity). Of the four fundamental interactions—electromagnetism, the strong interaction, the weak interaction, and gravity—only the weak interaction breaks parity.

Parity violation in weak interactions was first postulated by Tsung Dao Lee and Chen Ning Yang[1] in 1956 as a solution to the τ-θ puzzle. They suggested a number of experiments to test if the weak interaction is invariant under parity. These experiments were performed half a year later and they confirmed that the weak interactions of the known particles violate parity.[2][3][4]

However parity symmetry can be restored as a fundamental symmetry of nature if the particle content is enlarged so that every particle has a mirror partner. The theory in its modern form was written down in 1991,[5] although the basic idea dates back further.[1][6][7] Mirror particles interact amongst themselves in the same way as ordinary particles, except where ordinary particles have left-handed interactions, mirror particles have right-handed interactions. In this way, it turns out that mirror reflection symmetry can exist as an exact symmetry of nature, provided that a "mirror" particle exists for every ordinary particle. Parity can also be spontaneously broken depending on the Higgs potential.[8][9] While in the case of unbroken parity symmetry the masses of particles are the same as their mirror partners, in case of broken parity symmetry the mirror partners are lighter or heavier.

Mirror matter, if it exists, would have to be very weakly interacting with ordinary matter. This is because the forces between mirror particles are mediated by mirror bosons. With the exception of the graviton, none of the known bosons can be identical to their mirror partners. The only way mirror matter can interact with ordinary matter via forces other than gravity is via so-called kinetic mixing of mirror bosons with ordinary bosons or via the exchange of Holdom particles.[10] These interactions can only be very weak. Mirror particles have therefore been suggested as candidates for the inferred dark matter in the universe.[11][12][13][14][15]

In another context, mirror matter has been proposed to give rise to an effective Higgs mechanism responsible for the electroweak symmetry breaking. In such a scenario, mirror fermions have masses on the order of 1 TeV since they interact with an additional interaction, while some of the mirror bosons are identical to the ordinary gauge bosons. In order to emphasize the distinction of this model from the ones above, these mirror particles are usually called katoptrons.[16][17]

Observational effects of mirror matter

If mirror matter is present in the universe with sufficient abundance then its gravitational effects can be detected. Because mirror matter is analogous to ordinary matter, it is then to be expected that a fraction of the mirror matter exists in the form of mirror galaxies, mirror stars, mirror planets etc. These objects can be detected using gravitational microlensing.[18] One would also expect that some fraction of stars have mirror objects as their companion. In such cases one should be able to detect periodic Doppler shifts in the spectrum of the star.[14] There are some hints that such effects may already have been observed.[19][20]

What if mirror matter does exist but has (almost) zero abundance? Like magnetic monopoles, mirror matter could have been diluted to unobservably low densities during the inflation epoch. Sheldon Glashow has shown that if at some high energy scale particles exist which interact strongly with both ordinary and mirror particles, radiative corrections will lead to a mixing between photons and mirror photons.[21] This mixing has the effect of giving mirror electric charges a very small ordinary electric charge. Another effect of photon-mirror photon mixing is that it induces oscillations between positronium and mirror positronium. Positronium could then turn into mirror positronium and then decay into mirror photons.

The mixing between photons and mirror photons could be present in tree level Feynman diagrams or arise as a consequence of quantum corrections due to the presence of particles that carry both ordinary and mirror charges. In the latter case, the quantum corrections have to vanish at the one and two loop level Feynman diagrams, otherwise the predicted value of the kinetic mixing parameter would be larger than experimentally allowed.[21]

An experiment to measure this effect is currently being planned.[22]

If mirror matter does exist in large abundances in the universe and if it interacts with ordinary matter via photon-mirror photon mixing, then this could be detected in dark matter direct detection experiments such as DAMA/NaI and its successor DAMA/LIBRA. In fact, it is one of the few dark matter candidates which can explain the positive DAMA/NaI dark matter signal whilst still being consistent with the null results of other dark matter experiments.[23][24] Mirror matter may also be detected in electromagnetic field penetration experiments[25] and there would also be consequences for planetary science[26][27] and astrophysics.[28]

Mirror matter could also be responsible for the GZK puzzle. Topological defects in the mirror sector could produce mirror neutrinos which can oscillate to ordinary neutrinos.[29] Another possible way to evade the GZK bound is via neutron–mirror neutron oscillations.[30][31][32][33]

Alternate terminology

The phrase "mirror matter" was also introduced by physicist and author Dr. Robert L. Forward as an alternative term for what is commonly called antimatter, in an attempt to emphasize that antimatter is identical to ordinary matter, except reversed in all possible ways (i.e., CPT). (Forward was apparently not aware of the use of the word "mirror particles" by Russian physicists to mean parity reversed matter that does not interact strongly with "ordinary" matter). This is elucidated in his book Mirror Matter: Pioneering Antimatter Physics[34] (1988), and his editing the small review journal Mirror Matter Newsletter (1986–1990). However, this use of the term "mirror matter" for antimatter was never widely picked up by others and is not currently in common use.

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 T. D. Lee and C. N. Yang, Question of Parity Conservation in Weak Interactions, Phys. Rev. 104, 254–258 (1956) article, Erratum ibid 106, 1371 (1957) Erratum
  2. ↑ C. S. Wu, E. Ambler, R. W. Hayward, D. D. Hopes and R. R. Hudson, Experimental test of parity conservation in beta decay, Phys. Rev. 105, 1413 (1957).
  3. ↑ R. L. Garwin, L.M. Lederman and M. Weinrich, Observations of the failure of conservation of parity and charge conjugation in meson decays: The magnetic moment of the free muon, Phys. Rev. 105, 1415 (1957).
  4. ↑ J. J. Friedman and V. L. Telegdi, Nuclear emulsion evidence for parity nonconservation in the decay chain , Phys. Rev. 105, 1681 (1957).
  5. ↑ R. Foot, H. Lew and R. R. Volkas, A model with fundamental improper space-time symmetries, Physics Letters B272, 67 (1991)
  6. ↑ I. Kobzarev, L. Okun and I. Pomeranchuk, On the possibility of observing mirror particles, Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 3, 837 (1966).
  7. ↑ M. Pavsic, External Inversion, Internal Inversion, and Reflection Invariance, Int. J. Theor. Phys. 9, 229-244 (1974) preprint.
  8. ↑ Z. Berezhiani and R. N. Mohapatra, Reconciling Present Neutrino Puzzles: Sterile Neutrinos as Mirror Neutrinos, Phys. Rev. D 52, 6607-6611 (1995) preprint.
  9. ↑ R. Foot, H. Lew and R. R. Volkas, Unbroken versus broken mirror world: a tale of two vacua, JHEP 0007, 032 (2000) preprint.
  10. ↑ http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A1164052
  11. ↑ S. I. Blinnikov and M. Yu. Khlopov, On possible effects of 'mirror' particles, Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 36, 472 (1982).
  12. ↑ S. I. Blinnikov and M. Yu. Khlopov, Possible astronomical effects of mirror particles, Sov. Astron. 27, 371-375 (1983).
  13. ↑ E. W. Kolb, M. Seckel and M. S. Turner, The shadow world of superstring theories, Nature 314, 415-419 (1985). 21 year-old Glazier James Grippo from Edam, enjoys hang gliding, industrial property developers in singapore developers in singapore and camping. Finds the entire world an motivating place we have spent 4 months at Alejandro de Humboldt National Park.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 M. Yu. Khlopov, G. M. Beskin, N. E. Bochkarev, L. A. Pushtilnik and S. A. Pushtilnik, observational physics of mirror world, Astron. Zh. Akad. Nauk SSSR 68, 42-57 (1991) preprint.
  15. ↑ H. M. Hodges, Mirror baryons as the dark matter, Phys. Rev. D 47, 456-459 (1993) article.
  16. ↑ G. Triantaphyllou, Mass generation and the dynamical role of the Katoptron group, Mod.Phys.Lett.A16:53-62,2001
  17. ↑ G. Triantaphyllou, G. Zoupanos, Strongly interacting fermions from a higher dimensional unified gauge theory, Phys.Lett.B489:420-426,2000
  18. ↑ R. N. Mohapatra and V. L. Teplitz, Mirror matter MACHOs. Phys. Lett. B, 462, 302 - 309 (1999) article.
  19. ↑ R. Foot, Have mirror stars been observed?, Phys. Lett. B 452, 83-86 (1999) preprint.
  20. ↑ R. Foot, Have mirror planets been observed?, Phys. Lett. B 471, 191-194 (1999) preprint.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 S. L. Glashow, Positronium versus the mirror universe, Phys. Lett. B 167, 35-36 (1986) article.
  22. ↑ A. Badertscher et al., An apparatus to search for mirror dark matter via the invisible decay of orthopositronium in vacuum, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 19, 3833-3848 (2004) preprint.
  23. ↑ R. Foot, Implications of the DAMA and CRESST experiments for mirror matter-type dark matter, Phys. Rev. D 69, 036001 (2004) preprint.
  24. ↑ R. Foot, Reconciling the positive DAMA annual modulation signal with the negative results of the CDMS II experiment, Mod. Phys. Lett. A 19, 1841-1846 (2004) preprint.
  25. ↑ S. Mitra, Detecting dark matter in electromagnetic field penetration experiments, Phys. Rev. D 74, 043532 (2006) preprint.
  26. ↑ R. Foot and S. Mitra, Mirror matter in the solar system: New evidence for mirror matter from Eros, Astropart. Phys. 19, 739-753 (2003) preprint.
  27. ↑ R. Foot and Z.K. Silagadze, Do mirror planets exist in our solar system? Acta Phys. Polon. B 32, 2271-2278 (2001) preprint.
  28. ↑ A. De Angelis and R. Pain, Improved limits on photon velocity oscillations, Mod. Phys. Lett. A 17, 2491-2496 (2002) preprint.
  29. ↑ V. Berezinsky and A. Vilenkin, Ultra high energy neutrinos from hidden-sector topological defects, Phys. Rev. D 62, 083512 (2000) preprint.
  30. ↑ Z. Berezhiani and L. Bento, Neutron - Mirror Neutron Oscillations: How Fast Might They Be?, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 081801 (2006) preprint.
  31. ↑ Z. Berezhiani and L. Bento, Fast Neutron - Mirror Neutron Oscillation and Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays, Phys. Lett. B 635, 253-259 (2006) preprint.
  32. ↑ R. N. Mohapatra, S. Nasri and S. Nussinov, Some Implications of Neutron Mirror Neutron Oscillation, Phys. Lett. B 627, 124-130 (2005) preprint.
  33. ↑ Yu. N. Pokotilovski, On the experimental search for neutron -- mirror neutron oscillations, Phys. Lett. B 639, 214-217 (2006) preprint.
  34. ↑ R. L. Forward and J. Davis, 'Mirror Matter: Pioneering Antimatter Physics John Wiley & Sons Inc (March 1988); Backinprint.com (2001).
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