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{{Infobox scientist
|name              = Beno Gutenberg
|image            =
|birth_date        = June 4, 1889
|birth_place      = [[Darmstadt]], [[German Empire]]
|death_date        = January 25, 1960
|death_place      = [[Pasadena, California]]
|residence        =
|citizenship      =
|nationality      = [[Germany]]
|ethnicity        =
|field            = [[seismology]]
|work_institutions = [[California Institute of Technology]]
|alma_mater        = [[University of Göttingen]]
|doctoral_advisor  = [[Emil Wiechert]]
|doctoral_students =
|known_for        =
|influences        =
|influenced        =
|prizes            =
|religion          =
|footnotes        =
}}
'''Beno Gutenberg''' (June 4, 1889 – January 25, 1960) was a German-American [[seismologist]] who made several important contributions to the science.  He was a colleague and mentor of [[Charles Francis Richter]] at the [[California Institute of Technology]] and Richter's collaborator in developing the [[Richter magnitude scale]] for measuring an [[earthquake]]'s magnitude.


==Life==
Gutenberg was born in [[Darmstadt]], [[Germany]], and obtained his doctorate in physics from the [[University of Göttingen]] in 1911. His advisor was [[Emil Wiechert]]. During the [[World War I]], Gutenberg served in the German army as a meteorologist in support of [[Poison gas in World War I|gas warfare operations]].<ref>[http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=6477&page=121 Biographical Memoirs of the NAS, vol. 76, p. 121]</ref> Gutenberg held positions at the [[University of Strasbourg]] which he lost when Strasbourg became French in 1918.
After some years where he had to sustain himself with managing his father's soap factory, he obtained in 1926 a junior professorship at [[Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main|University of Frankfurt-am-Main]], which was poorly paid.


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Although he was already, in the 1920s, one of the leading seismologists worldwide and definitely the leading seismologist in Germany, he was then still dependent on the position in his father's factory, yet he continued his research in his spare time. In 1928, the attempt to become the successor of his academic teacher Emil Wiechert in Göttingen failed. There are hints that Gutenberg's [[Jewish]]{{citation needed|date=June 2013}} background might have played a role because, already in the 1920s, there were strong antisemitic tendencies in German universities. For similar reasons, he was also not accepted for a professorship in [[Potsdam]] to become the successor of [[Gustav Angenheister]].
 
Since Gutenberg could not sustain a career of scientific work in Germany, he accepted a position as Professor of Geophysics at the [[California Institute of Technology]] in Pasadena in 1930,<ref>{{cite news|title=Obituary: Beno Gutenberg, Seismologist, 70|url=http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0604.html|date=January 28, 1960|newspaper=[[New York Times]]|accessdate=2012-01-24}}</ref> becoming founding director of the [[Caltech Seismological Laboratory|Seismological Laboratory]] when it was transferred to Caltech from [[Carnegie Institution for Science|Carnegie]].  Even if he had obtained a full professorship in Germany, he would have lost it in 1933 anyway, like so many other scientists of Jewish ancestry, at least 30 of whom emigrated to the United States under Gutenberg's sponsorship.
 
Gutenberg, especially in his collaboration with [[Charles Francis Richter]], made the Caltech Seismological Laboratory the leading seismological institute worldwide. Collaborating with Richter, Gutenberg developed a relationship between seismic magnitude and energy, represented in the equation
 
:<math>\!\ \log E(s) = 11.8 + 1.5 M.</math>
 
This gives the energy <math> E(s)</math> given from earthquakes from seismic waves in [[erg]]s. Another famous result known as [[Gutenberg–Richter law]] provides [[probability distribution]] of [[earthquake]]s for given [[energy]].
 
He also worked on determining the depth of the core-mantle boundary as well as other properties of the [[Structure of the Earth|interior of the earth]].
 
In 1952, Gutenberg received the Prix Charles Lagrange from the [[Academie royale de Belgique|Académie royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique]]. [http://www.agu.org/inside/awards/gutenberg.html] Gutenberg remained director of the Seismological Laboratory until 1957, when he was succeeded by [[Frank Press]].
 
==Works==
*{{Citation
|pmid = 17756389
|last=Gutenberg
|first=
|author-mask=1
|publication-date=Apr 1, 1960
|year=1960
|title=Low-Velocity Layers in the Earth, Ocean, and Atmosphere.
|volume=131
|issue=3405
|periodical=[[Science (journal)|Science]]
|pages=959–965
|doi = 10.1126/science.131.3405.959
|first1 = B
|bibcode = 1960Sci...131..959G }}
*{{Citation
|pmid = 17769434
|last=Buwalda
|first=
|last2=—
|first2=
|publication-date=Apr 19, 1935
|year=1935
|title=Investigation of overthrust faults by seismic methods
|volume=81
|issue=2103
|periodical=[[Science (journal)|Science]]
|pages=384–386
|doi = 10.1126/science.81.2103.384
|first1 = JP
|bibcode = 1935Sci....81..384B }}
 
==See also==
*[[List of geophysicists]]
 
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
 
==External links==
*[http://www.agu.org/honorsprogram/bowie_lectures/gutenberg.shtml Biography at the American Geophysical Union website]
*[http://www.egu.eu/awards-medals/awards-and-medals/award/portrait-beno-gutenberg.html Biography at the European Geosciences Union website]
*[http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/biomems/bgutenberg.html Leon Knopoff on Gutenberg, National Academy of Science]
*[http://oralhistories.library.caltech.edu/97/01/OH_Gutenberg_H.pdf Hertha Gutenberg Oral History, Caltech Archives]
*Biography of Beno Gutenberg by Leon Knopoff at [http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=6477&page=114 Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 76 (1999)]
 
{{Authority control|VIAF=39480249}}
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
| NAME              = Gutenberg, Beno
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Seismologist
| DATE OF BIRTH    = June 4, 1889
| PLACE OF BIRTH    = [[Darmstadt]]
| DATE OF DEATH    = January 25, 1960
| PLACE OF DEATH    = [[Pasadena, California]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gutenberg, Beno}}
[[Category:American geophysicists]]
[[Category:American seismologists]]
[[Category:American Jews]]
[[Category:1960 deaths]]
[[Category:1889 births]]

Revision as of 00:35, 12 March 2013

Template:Infobox scientist Beno Gutenberg (June 4, 1889 – January 25, 1960) was a German-American seismologist who made several important contributions to the science. He was a colleague and mentor of Charles Francis Richter at the California Institute of Technology and Richter's collaborator in developing the Richter magnitude scale for measuring an earthquake's magnitude.

Life

Gutenberg was born in Darmstadt, Germany, and obtained his doctorate in physics from the University of Göttingen in 1911. His advisor was Emil Wiechert. During the World War I, Gutenberg served in the German army as a meteorologist in support of gas warfare operations.[1] Gutenberg held positions at the University of Strasbourg which he lost when Strasbourg became French in 1918. After some years where he had to sustain himself with managing his father's soap factory, he obtained in 1926 a junior professorship at University of Frankfurt-am-Main, which was poorly paid.

Although he was already, in the 1920s, one of the leading seismologists worldwide and definitely the leading seismologist in Germany, he was then still dependent on the position in his father's factory, yet he continued his research in his spare time. In 1928, the attempt to become the successor of his academic teacher Emil Wiechert in Göttingen failed. There are hints that Gutenberg's JewishPotter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park. background might have played a role because, already in the 1920s, there were strong antisemitic tendencies in German universities. For similar reasons, he was also not accepted for a professorship in Potsdam to become the successor of Gustav Angenheister.

Since Gutenberg could not sustain a career of scientific work in Germany, he accepted a position as Professor of Geophysics at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena in 1930,[2] becoming founding director of the Seismological Laboratory when it was transferred to Caltech from Carnegie. Even if he had obtained a full professorship in Germany, he would have lost it in 1933 anyway, like so many other scientists of Jewish ancestry, at least 30 of whom emigrated to the United States under Gutenberg's sponsorship.

Gutenberg, especially in his collaboration with Charles Francis Richter, made the Caltech Seismological Laboratory the leading seismological institute worldwide. Collaborating with Richter, Gutenberg developed a relationship between seismic magnitude and energy, represented in the equation

logE(s)=11.8+1.5M.

This gives the energy E(s) given from earthquakes from seismic waves in ergs. Another famous result known as Gutenberg–Richter law provides probability distribution of earthquakes for given energy.

He also worked on determining the depth of the core-mantle boundary as well as other properties of the interior of the earth.

In 1952, Gutenberg received the Prix Charles Lagrange from the Académie royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique. [1] Gutenberg remained director of the Seismological Laboratory until 1957, when he was succeeded by Frank Press.

Works

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  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010

See also

Notes

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External links

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