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'''Global-warming potential''' (GWP) is a relative measure of how much heat a [[greenhouse gas]] traps in the atmosphere. It compares the amount of heat trapped by a certain mass of the [[gas]] in question to the amount of heat trapped by a similar mass of [[carbon dioxide]]. A GWP is calculated over a specific time interval, commonly 20, 100 or 500 years. GWP is expressed as a factor of carbon dioxide (whose GWP is standardized to 1).  For example, the 20 year GWP of [[methane]] is 72, which means that if the same mass of methane and carbon dioxide were introduced into the atmosphere, that methane will trap 72 times more heat than the carbon dioxide over the next 20 years.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/tssts-2-5.html |contribution=Global Warming Potentials |title=Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007  |year=2007 |accessdate=2012-05-24 }}</ref>


The substances subject to restrictions under the [[Kyoto protocol]] either are rapidly increasing their concentrations in [[Earth's atmosphere]] or have a large GWP.


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The GWP depends on the following factors:
* the absorption of [[infrared radiation]] by a given species
* the spectral location of its absorbing wavelengths
* the [[atmospheric lifetime]] of the species
Thus, a high GWP correlates with a large infrared absorption and a long atmospheric lifetime. The dependence of GWP on the wavelength of absorption is more complicated. Even if a gas absorbs radiation efficiently at a certain wavelength, this may not affect its GWP much if the atmosphere already absorbs most radiation at that wavelength. A gas has the most effect if it absorbs in a "window" of wavelengths where the atmosphere is fairly transparent. The dependence of GWP as a function of wavelength has been found empirically and published as a graph.<ref>[http://www.chem.tamu.edu/rgroup/north/ITS%20GWP%20Data.xls Matthew Elrod, "Greenhouse Warming Potential Model."]  Based on [[Journal of Chemical Education]], Vol 76, pp. 1702–1705, December 1999</ref>
 
Because the GWP of a greenhouse gas depends directly on its infrared spectrum, the use of [[infrared spectroscopy]] to study greenhouse gases is centrally important in the effort to understand the impact of human activities on global [[climate change]].
 
== Calculating the global-warming potential ==
Just as [[radiative forcing]] provides a simplified means of comparing the various factors that are believed to influence the climate system to one another, global-warming potentials (GWPs) are one type of simplified index based upon radiative properties that can be used to estimate the potential future impacts of emissions of different gases upon the climate system in a relative sense. GWP is based on a number of factors, including the radiative efficiency (infrared-absorbing ability) of each gas relative to that of carbon dioxide, as well as the decay rate of each gas (the amount removed from the atmosphere over a given number of years) relative to that of carbon dioxide.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.eia.gov/tools/glossary/index.cfm?id=G
|title=Glossary: Global warming potential (GWP)
|publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration
|accessdate=2011-04-26
|quote=An index used to compare the relative radiative forcing of different gases without directly calculating the changes in atmospheric concentrations. GWPs are calculated as the ratio of the radiative forcing that would result from the emission of one kilogram of a greenhouse gas to that from the emission of one kilogram of carbon dioxide over a fixed period of time, such as 100 years. }}</ref>
 
The '''radiative forcing capacity''' (RF) is the amount of energy per unit area, per unit time, absorbed by the greenhouse gas, that would otherwise be lost to space. It can be expressed by the formula:
 
:<math>RF = \sum_{n=1}^{100} Abs_i * F_i / (path length * density)</math>
 
where the subscript ''i'' represents an interval of 10 [[inverse centimeter]]s. Abs<sub>i</sub> represents the integrated infrared absorbance of the sample in that interval, and F<sub>i</sub> represents the RF for that interval.{{Verify source|date=September 2008}}
 
The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] (IPCC) provides the generally accepted values for GWP, which changed slightly between 1996 and 2001. An exact definition of how GWP is calculated is to be found in the IPCC's [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/247.htm 2001 Third Assessment Report]. The GWP is defined as the ratio of the time-integrated radiative forcing from the instantaneous release of 1&nbsp;kg of a trace substance relative to that of 1&nbsp;kg of a reference gas:
 
:<math>GWP \left(x\right) = \frac{\int_0^{TH} a_x \cdot \left[x(t)\right] dt} {\int_0^{TH} a_r \cdot \left[r(t)\right] dt}</math>
 
where TH is the time horizon over which the calculation is considered; a<sub>x</sub> is the [[radiative efficiency]] due to a unit increase in atmospheric abundance of the substance (i.e., Wm<sup>−2</sup> kg<sup>−1</sup>) and [x(t)] is the time-dependent decay in abundance of the substance following an instantaneous release of it at time t=0. The denominator contains the corresponding quantities for the reference gas (i.e. CO<sub>2</sub>). The radiative efficiencies a<sub>x</sub> and a<sub>r</sub> are not necessarily constant over time. While the absorption of infrared radiation by many greenhouse gases varies linearly with their abundance, a few important ones display non-linear behaviour for current and likely future abundances (e.g., CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, and N<sub>2</sub>O). For those gases, the relative radiative forcing will depend upon abundance and hence upon the future scenario adopted.
 
Since all GWP calculations are a comparison to CO<sub>2</sub> which is non-linear, all GWP values are affected. Assuming otherwise as is done above will lead to lower GWPs for other gases than a more detailed approach would. Clarifying this, while increasing CO2 has less and less effect on radiative absorption as ppm concentrations rise, more powerful greenhouse gases like methane and nitrous oxide have different thermal absorption frequencys to co2 that are not filled up (saturated) as much as co2, so rising pmms of these gases are far more significant.
 
=== Use in Kyoto Protocol ===
Under the [[Kyoto Protocol]], the Conference of the Parties decided (decision 2/CP.3) that the values of GWP calculated for the [[IPCC Second Assessment Report]] are to be used for converting the various greenhouse gas emissions into comparable [[Co2e|CO<sub>2</sub> equivalents]] when computing overall sources and sinks.<ref>{{cite book
|url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/cop3/07a01.pdf
|contribution=Methodological issues related to the Kyoto Protocol
|title=Report of the Conference of the Parties on its third session, held at Kyoto from 1 to 11 December 1997 Addendum Part Two:  Action taken by the Conference of the Parties at its third session
|date=25 March 1998 |accessdate=17 January 2011
|publisher=[[UNFCCC]]  
|author=Conference of the Parties }}</ref>
 
== Importance of time horizon ==
 
Note that a substance's GWP depends on the timespan over which the potential is calculated. A gas which is quickly removed from the atmosphere may initially have a large effect but for longer time periods as it has been removed becomes less important. Thus methane has a potential of 25 over 100 years but 72 over 20 years; conversely [[sulfur hexafluoride]] has a GWP of 22,800 over 100 years but 16,300 over 20 years (IPCC TAR). The GWP value depends on how the gas concentration decays over time in the atmosphere. This is often not precisely known and hence the values should not be considered exact. For this reason when quoting a GWP it is important to give a reference to the calculation.
 
The GWP for a mixture of gases can not be determined from the GWP of the constituent gases by any form of simple linear addition.
 
Commonly, a time horizon of 100 years is used by regulators (e.g., the [[California Air Resources Board]]).
 
== Values ==
 
[[Carbon dioxide]] has a GWP of exactly 1 (since it is the baseline unit to which all other greenhouse gases are compared).
 
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |'''GWP values and lifetimes from 2013 IPCC AR5 p1071 <br> (with climate-carbon feedbacks) [http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/uploads/WGIAR5_WGI-12Doc2b_FinalDraft_All.pdf]'''
!rowspan="2"|'''Lifetime (years)'''
!colspan="2"|GWP time horizon
|-
| <center>20 years
| <center>100 years
|-
| [[Methane]]
| 12.4
| 86
| 34
|-
| [[HFC-134a]] ([[hydrofluorocarbon]])
| 13.4
| 3790
| 1550
|-
| [[CFC-11]] ([[chlorofluorocarbon]])
| 45.0
| 7020
| 5350
|-
| [[Nitrous oxide]]
| 121.0
| 268
| 298
|-
| [[Carbon tetrafluoride]] (CF{{sub|4}})
| 50000
| 4950
| 7350
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |'''GWP values and lifetimes from 2007 IPCC AR4 p212 [http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter2.pdf] <br>(2001 IPCC TAR [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/248.htm] in parentheses)'''
!rowspan="2"|'''Lifetime (years)'''
!colspan="3"|GWP time horizon
|-
| <center>20 years
| <center>100 years
| <center>500 years
|-
| [[Methane]]
| 12 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (12)
| 72 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (62)
| 25 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (23)
| 7.6 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (7)
|-
| [[Nitrous oxide]]
| 114 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (114)
| 289 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (275)
| 298 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (296)
| 153 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (156)
|-
| [[HFC-23]] ([[hydrofluorocarbon]])
| 270 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (260)
| 12,000 &nbsp; (9400)
| 14,800 &nbsp; (12,000)
| 12,200 &nbsp; (10,000)
|-
| [[HFC-134a]] ([[hydrofluorocarbon]])
| 14 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (13.8)
| 3,830 &nbsp; &nbsp; (3,300)
| 1,430 &nbsp; &nbsp; (1,300)
| 435 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (400)
|-
| [[Sulfur hexafluoride]]
| 3200 &nbsp; &nbsp; (3,200)
| 16,300 &nbsp; (15,100)
| 22,800 &nbsp; (22,200)
| 32,600 &nbsp; (32,400)
|}
 
Although [[water vapor|water vapour]] has a significant influence with regard to absorbing infrared radiation (which is the green house effect; see [[greenhouse gas]]), its GWP is not calculated. Its concentration in the atmosphere mainly depends on air temperature. There is no possibility to directly influence atmospheric water vapour concentration.
 
The values given in the table assume the same mass of compound is released. This must not be confused with chemical reactions in which masses change from reactants to products. For instance, burning [[methane]] to [[carbon dioxide]] would indeed reduce the global warming impact, but by a smaller factor than the one given in the table because the mass of [[methane]] burning is lesser than the mass of [[carbon dioxide]] released (ratio 1:2.75).<ref>This is so, because of the reaction formula: CH<sub>4</sub> + 2O<sub>2</sub> → CO<sub>2</sub> + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O. As mentioned in the article, the oxygen and water is not considered for GWP purposes, and one molecule of methane (molar mass = 16.04 g mol<sup>-1</sup>) will yield one molecule of carbon dioxide (molar mass = 44.01 g mol<sup>-1</sup>. This give a mass ratio of 2.74. (44.01/16.04≈2.74).</ref> If you started with 1 tonne of methane which has a GWP of 25, after combustion you have 2.75 tonnes of CO<sub>2</sub>, each tonne of which has a GWP of 1. The effect of this burning is to reduce the Global warming effect of the gas released in the ratio 25:2.75 or by about 9. Similarly, for each tonne of methane burned to CO<sub>2</sub>, the release of tonne CO<sub>2</sub> equivalent is reduced by 25 - 2.75 = 22.25.
 
The global warming potential of [[Perfluorotributylamine]] (PFTBA) over a 100 year time horizon has been estimated to be approxiately 7100.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hong|first=Angela C.|coauthors=Cora J. Young, Michael D. Hurley, Timothy J. Wallington, Scott A. Mabury|title=Perfluorotributylamine: A novel long-lived greenhouse gas|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|date=28 November 2013|volume=40|issue=22|pages=6010–6015|doi=10.1002/2013GL058010|accessdate=13 December 2013}}</ref> It has been used by the electrical industry since the mid-20th century for electronic testing and as heat transfer agents.<ref>http://www.ibtimes.com/new-greenhouse-gas-discovered-pftba-has-higher-global-warming-impact-co2-1503600</ref> PFTBA has the highest '''radiative efficiency''' (relative effectiveness of greenhouse gases to restrict long-wave radiation from escaping back into space<ref>http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Radiative+efficiency</ref>) of any molecule detected in the atmosphere to date.<ref>http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/dec/10/new-greenhouse-gas-powerful-chemical-perfluorotributylamine</ref> The researchers found an average of 0.18 parts per trillion of PFTBA in the Toronto air samples, whereas carbon dioxide exists around 400 parts per million.<ref>http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2013/12/11/new_greenhouse_gas_discovered_by_u_of_t_chemists.html</ref>
 
== See also ==
{{portal|Global warming}}
* [[Carbon dioxide equivalent]]
* [[Emission factor]]
* [[Emission standard]]
* [[Radiative forcing]]
* [[Total equivalent warming impact]]
 
== References ==
<references/>
 
== External links ==
 
* 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) by [http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/wg1-report.html Working Group 1] (WG1) and Chapter 2 of that report ([http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter2.pdf Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing]) which contains GWP information.
* [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/247.htm 2001 IPCC Third Assessment Report (TAR) page on Global-Warming Potentials] and [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/248.htm Direct GWP].
* [http://www.epa.gov/nonco2/econ-inv/table.html List of Global Warming Potentials and Atmospheric Lifetimes] from the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|U.S. EPA]]
* [http://www.realclimate.org/index.php?p=142 An overview of the role of H<sub>2</sub>O as a greenhouse gas] from [[RealClimate]]
* [http://www.darkoptimism.org/2008/09/03/the-climate-science-translation-guide/ GWP and the different meanings of CO<sub>2</sub>e explained]
{{Global warming}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Global Warming Potential}}
[[Category:Greenhouse gas emissions]]
[[Category:Climate forcing]]
[[Category:Infrared spectroscopy]]

Revision as of 18:16, 2 February 2014

Template:Expand German Global-warming potential (GWP) is a relative measure of how much heat a greenhouse gas traps in the atmosphere. It compares the amount of heat trapped by a certain mass of the gas in question to the amount of heat trapped by a similar mass of carbon dioxide. A GWP is calculated over a specific time interval, commonly 20, 100 or 500 years. GWP is expressed as a factor of carbon dioxide (whose GWP is standardized to 1). For example, the 20 year GWP of methane is 72, which means that if the same mass of methane and carbon dioxide were introduced into the atmosphere, that methane will trap 72 times more heat than the carbon dioxide over the next 20 years.[1]

The substances subject to restrictions under the Kyoto protocol either are rapidly increasing their concentrations in Earth's atmosphere or have a large GWP.

The GWP depends on the following factors:

Thus, a high GWP correlates with a large infrared absorption and a long atmospheric lifetime. The dependence of GWP on the wavelength of absorption is more complicated. Even if a gas absorbs radiation efficiently at a certain wavelength, this may not affect its GWP much if the atmosphere already absorbs most radiation at that wavelength. A gas has the most effect if it absorbs in a "window" of wavelengths where the atmosphere is fairly transparent. The dependence of GWP as a function of wavelength has been found empirically and published as a graph.[2]

Because the GWP of a greenhouse gas depends directly on its infrared spectrum, the use of infrared spectroscopy to study greenhouse gases is centrally important in the effort to understand the impact of human activities on global climate change.

Calculating the global-warming potential

Just as radiative forcing provides a simplified means of comparing the various factors that are believed to influence the climate system to one another, global-warming potentials (GWPs) are one type of simplified index based upon radiative properties that can be used to estimate the potential future impacts of emissions of different gases upon the climate system in a relative sense. GWP is based on a number of factors, including the radiative efficiency (infrared-absorbing ability) of each gas relative to that of carbon dioxide, as well as the decay rate of each gas (the amount removed from the atmosphere over a given number of years) relative to that of carbon dioxide.[3]

The radiative forcing capacity (RF) is the amount of energy per unit area, per unit time, absorbed by the greenhouse gas, that would otherwise be lost to space. It can be expressed by the formula:

RF=∑n=1100Absi*Fi/(pathlength*density)

where the subscript i represents an interval of 10 inverse centimeters. Absi represents the integrated infrared absorbance of the sample in that interval, and Fi represents the RF for that interval.Template:Verify source

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provides the generally accepted values for GWP, which changed slightly between 1996 and 2001. An exact definition of how GWP is calculated is to be found in the IPCC's 2001 Third Assessment Report. The GWP is defined as the ratio of the time-integrated radiative forcing from the instantaneous release of 1 kg of a trace substance relative to that of 1 kg of a reference gas:

GWP(x)=∫0THax⋅[x(t)]dt∫0THar⋅[r(t)]dt

where TH is the time horizon over which the calculation is considered; ax is the radiative efficiency due to a unit increase in atmospheric abundance of the substance (i.e., Wm−2 kg−1) and [x(t)] is the time-dependent decay in abundance of the substance following an instantaneous release of it at time t=0. The denominator contains the corresponding quantities for the reference gas (i.e. CO2). The radiative efficiencies ax and ar are not necessarily constant over time. While the absorption of infrared radiation by many greenhouse gases varies linearly with their abundance, a few important ones display non-linear behaviour for current and likely future abundances (e.g., CO2, CH4, and N2O). For those gases, the relative radiative forcing will depend upon abundance and hence upon the future scenario adopted.

Since all GWP calculations are a comparison to CO2 which is non-linear, all GWP values are affected. Assuming otherwise as is done above will lead to lower GWPs for other gases than a more detailed approach would. Clarifying this, while increasing CO2 has less and less effect on radiative absorption as ppm concentrations rise, more powerful greenhouse gases like methane and nitrous oxide have different thermal absorption frequencys to co2 that are not filled up (saturated) as much as co2, so rising pmms of these gases are far more significant.

Use in Kyoto Protocol

Under the Kyoto Protocol, the Conference of the Parties decided (decision 2/CP.3) that the values of GWP calculated for the IPCC Second Assessment Report are to be used for converting the various greenhouse gas emissions into comparable CO2 equivalents when computing overall sources and sinks.[4]

Importance of time horizon

Note that a substance's GWP depends on the timespan over which the potential is calculated. A gas which is quickly removed from the atmosphere may initially have a large effect but for longer time periods as it has been removed becomes less important. Thus methane has a potential of 25 over 100 years but 72 over 20 years; conversely sulfur hexafluoride has a GWP of 22,800 over 100 years but 16,300 over 20 years (IPCC TAR). The GWP value depends on how the gas concentration decays over time in the atmosphere. This is often not precisely known and hence the values should not be considered exact. For this reason when quoting a GWP it is important to give a reference to the calculation.

The GWP for a mixture of gases can not be determined from the GWP of the constituent gases by any form of simple linear addition.

Commonly, a time horizon of 100 years is used by regulators (e.g., the California Air Resources Board).

Values

Carbon dioxide has a GWP of exactly 1 (since it is the baseline unit to which all other greenhouse gases are compared).

GWP values and lifetimes from 2013 IPCC AR5 p1071
(with climate-carbon feedbacks) [1] 		Lifetime (years) GWP time horizon
20 years
100 years
Methane 12.4 86 34
HFC-134a (hydrofluorocarbon) 13.4 3790 1550
CFC-11 (chlorofluorocarbon) 45.0 7020 5350
Nitrous oxide 121.0 268 298
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GWP values and lifetimes from 2007 IPCC AR4 p212 [2]
(2001 IPCC TAR [3] in parentheses) 		Lifetime (years) GWP time horizon
20 years
100 years
500 years
Methane 12         (12) 72         (62) 25         (23) 7.6       (7)
Nitrous oxide 114       (114) 289       (275) 298       (296) 153       (156)
HFC-23 (hydrofluorocarbon) 270       (260) 12,000   (9400) 14,800   (12,000) 12,200   (10,000)
HFC-134a (hydrofluorocarbon) 14         (13.8) 3,830     (3,300) 1,430     (1,300) 435       (400)
Sulfur hexafluoride 3200     (3,200) 16,300   (15,100) 22,800   (22,200) 32,600   (32,400)

Although water vapour has a significant influence with regard to absorbing infrared radiation (which is the green house effect; see greenhouse gas), its GWP is not calculated. Its concentration in the atmosphere mainly depends on air temperature. There is no possibility to directly influence atmospheric water vapour concentration.

The values given in the table assume the same mass of compound is released. This must not be confused with chemical reactions in which masses change from reactants to products. For instance, burning methane to carbon dioxide would indeed reduce the global warming impact, but by a smaller factor than the one given in the table because the mass of methane burning is lesser than the mass of carbon dioxide released (ratio 1:2.75).[5] If you started with 1 tonne of methane which has a GWP of 25, after combustion you have 2.75 tonnes of CO2, each tonne of which has a GWP of 1. The effect of this burning is to reduce the Global warming effect of the gas released in the ratio 25:2.75 or by about 9. Similarly, for each tonne of methane burned to CO2, the release of tonne CO2 equivalent is reduced by 25 - 2.75 = 22.25.

The global warming potential of Perfluorotributylamine (PFTBA) over a 100 year time horizon has been estimated to be approxiately 7100.[6] It has been used by the electrical industry since the mid-20th century for electronic testing and as heat transfer agents.[7] PFTBA has the highest radiative efficiency (relative effectiveness of greenhouse gases to restrict long-wave radiation from escaping back into space[8]) of any molecule detected in the atmosphere to date.[9] The researchers found an average of 0.18 parts per trillion of PFTBA in the Toronto air samples, whereas carbon dioxide exists around 400 parts per million.[10]

See also

Sportspersons Hyslop from Nicolet, usually spends time with pastimes for example martial arts, property developers condominium in singapore singapore and hot rods. Maintains a trip site and has lots to write about after touring Gulf of Porto: Calanche of Piana.

References

  1. ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  2. ↑ Matthew Elrod, "Greenhouse Warming Potential Model." Based on Journal of Chemical Education, Vol 76, pp. 1702–1705, December 1999
  3. ↑ Template:Cite web
  4. ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  5. ↑ This is so, because of the reaction formula: CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2 H2O. As mentioned in the article, the oxygen and water is not considered for GWP purposes, and one molecule of methane (molar mass = 16.04 g mol-1) will yield one molecule of carbon dioxide (molar mass = 44.01 g mol-1. This give a mass ratio of 2.74. (44.01/16.04≈2.74).
  6. ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  7. ↑ http://www.ibtimes.com/new-greenhouse-gas-discovered-pftba-has-higher-global-warming-impact-co2-1503600
  8. ↑ http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Radiative+efficiency
  9. ↑ http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/dec/10/new-greenhouse-gas-powerful-chemical-perfluorotributylamine
  10. ↑ http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2013/12/11/new_greenhouse_gas_discovered_by_u_of_t_chemists.html

External links

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